{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T11:12:20Z","timestamp":1789038740633,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-throughput DNA sequencing has revealed that the extensive diversity of Vitis vinifera L. cultivars is structured into several major genetic lineages. Identifying phenotypic traits that reflect these genetic relationships remains an important challenge for grapevine taxonomy, germplasm characterization, and archaeobotany. Here, we present an automated computational workflow implemented in R that reconstructs seed outlines from Elliptic Fourier Descriptors (EFDs) and calculates the J index, a measure of similarity to predefined reference morphotypes, together with curvature profiles along the seed outline. The workflow is reproducible and suitable for high-throughput morphometric analysis. A dataset comprising 2895 seeds from 143 populations representing 85 V. vinifera cultivars was initially organized into three groups according to available pedigree information and previously characterized seed morphotypes. Geometric reference models representing the Heb\u00e9n, Savagnin Blanc, and Muscat morphotypes were then used to calculate J index values for each population. Based on these values, 74 populations were assigned unambiguously to one of the three reference morphotypes, whereas 69 showed similar affinities to two or three models and were therefore classified as intermediate or undifferentiated. The three primary morphometric groups comprised 41 populations assigned to the Heb\u00e9n morphotype, 12 to the Savagnin Blanc morphotype, and 21 to the Muscat morphotype. Curvature analysis of the reconstructed seed outlines was subsequently used to characterize local geometric variation and to identify representative populations within each group. The resulting morphotypes showed substantial correspondence with major grapevine haplotypic lineages while also revealing intermediate phenotypes associated with the complex genetic and developmental history of cultivated grapevine. Overall, the workflow provides an objective and reproducible approach for high-throughput seed phenotyping and represents a complementary phenotypic tool for investigating grapevine genetic diversity, germplasm characterization, and the relationships between seed morphology and genetic lineage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15182774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T10:27:21Z","timestamp":1789036041000},"page":"2774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Automated Seed Morphometry Identifies Morphotypes Associated with Major Grapevine Haplotypic Lineages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3874-1491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"Cervantes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiolog\u00eda, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, Cordel de Merinas 40, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5590-2456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Javier","family":"Mart\u00edn-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiolog\u00eda, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, Cordel de Merinas 40, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Anocibar Beloqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abad\u00eda Retuerta, Sard\u00f3n de Duero, 47340 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5810-4548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e9lix Cabello","family":"S\u00e1enz de Santa Mar\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Madrile\u00f1o de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Rural Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDRA), Finca El Enc\u00edn, 28805 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1186-3517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregorio","family":"Mu\u00f1oz Organero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Madrile\u00f1o de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Rural Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDRA), Finca El Enc\u00edn, 28805 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4248-5117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, Quinta da Almoinha, 2565-191 Dois Portos, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7910-1570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Tocino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Matem\u00e1ticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de la Merced 1-4, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2566-3102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kr\u00e1lovopolsk\u00e1 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.49","article-title":"Coming of age: Ten years of next-generation sequencing technologies","volume":"17","author":"Goodwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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