{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T05:04:56Z","timestamp":1789275896635,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program Project","award":["2021YFD1901001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1901001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["72573167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72573167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["72333003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72333003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["72573167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72573167"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["72333003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72333003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002365","name":"China Agricultural University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002365","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04v3ywz14","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Efficient nitrogen (N) management in calcareous soils remains challenging due to limited nutrient availability, poor synchronization between N supply and crop demand, and low fertilizer use efficiency. While black soldier fly frass (BSFF) represents an emerging organic amendment, its comparative effects relative to vermicompost (VC) and mineral N fertilizers under calcareous soil conditions remain insufficiently understood. In this study, we evaluated the effects of BSFF- and VC-based integrated organic\u2013mineral fertilization strategies involving urea (U) and ammonium sulfate (AS) on maize productivity, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and selected soil chemical properties. A two-year field experiment was conducted at Quzhou Experimental Station, China Agricultural University, using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with nine treatments: unfertilized control (CK), sole mineral fertilizers (U and AS), sole organic amendments (BSFF and VC), and integrated combinations (UBSFF, UVC, ASBSFF, and ASVC). All fertilizer treatments received 180 kg N ha\u22121 and were replicated three times. Our results showed that ASBSFF increased maize grain yield by 101.9\u2013114.6% compared with CK across both growing seasons, while ASVC increased yield by 92.5\u2013103.9%. ASBSFF also resulted in the highest N uptake, increasing it by 121.3% compared with CK, and achieved the highest agronomic efficiency (26.01\u201327.51 kg grain kg\u22121 N applied), apparent recovery efficiency (63.2%), and physiological efficiency (57.13\u201359.18 kg grain kg\u22121 N uptake). BSFF-based integrated treatments increased soil NH4+-N, NO3\u2212-N, available phosphorus, and available potassium compared with VC-based treatments, likely due to differences in nutrient composition between BSFF and VC. Overall, combining BSFF with mineral N fertilizers, particularly AS, improved maize productivity and NUE in calcareous soils, demonstrating its potential as a sustainable nutrient management strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15182786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T08:17:42Z","timestamp":1789114662000},"page":"2786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Black Soldier Fly Frass Combined with Ammonium Sulfate Enhances Maize Productivity and Nitrogen Use Efficiency Under Calcareous Soil Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lasab Belachew","family":"Eshete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2617-9390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Augustine Talababie","family":"Phiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Sanya Institute, China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Sanya Institute, China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0944-0470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qihui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Food Safety Policy & Strategy Research Base, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1990-6198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Mnthambala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agrisciences Department, Mzuzu University, Mzuzu 105203, Malawi"},{"name":"SoilPlus Lab, Mzuzu University, Mzuzu 105203, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Qi, J., Guo, S., Niu, X., Rees, R.M., Zhang, C., and Ju, X. 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