{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:14:24Z","timestamp":1789992864716,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012905","name":"Key R&D Program of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024LZGC007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024LZGC007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012905","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Taishan Scholars Program","award":["tsqn202408302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["tsqn202408302"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plant cell walls are dynamic structural matrices that provide mechanical support while regulating growth, transport, environmental sensing, and defense. Their properties emerge from the coordinated biosynthesis, deposition, assembly, and remodeling of cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins, lignin, and specialized wall polymers, yet how wall architecture is coupled to integrity surveillance and whole-plant physiology remains incompletely understood. Here, we synthesize current knowledge of plant cell wall classification, major polymer biosynthesis and assembly, cell wall integrity signaling, and physiological functions. We compare primary, secondary, and specialized walls and discuss how differences in their composition and organization confer distinct mechanical and functional properties. We then examine how wall-derived oligosaccharides, apoplastic peptides, receptor-like kinases, Ca2+ signaling, reactive oxygen species, cytoskeletal dynamics, and hormonal crosstalk translate wall perturbations into adaptive responses. Viewed in an integrated physiological context, wall composition, architecture, and remodeling shape anisotropic growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, xylem hydraulics, ion homeostasis, abiotic stress adaptation, and pathogen defense. Collectively, current evidence supports a view of the cell wall as an active regulatory interface rather than a passive scaffold. Finally, we highlight unresolved questions concerning mechanochemical sensing, spatial heterogeneity, and growth\u2013defense trade-offs, and discuss how advances in spatial omics, live-cell imaging, biomechanics, genome editing, and computational modeling may help resolve how wall properties are regulated across cells, tissues, and environmental contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15182835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:50:27Z","timestamp":1789566627000},"page":"2835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Plant\u00a0Cell Wall: From Structural Diversity and Biosynthesis to Integrity Signaling and Physiological Functions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4407-8451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yamei","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 252100, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Jinan 252100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shujuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 252100, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Jinan 252100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingcheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 252100, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Jinan 252100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingqi","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 252100, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Jinan 252100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 252100, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Jinan 252100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianfeng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gongke","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2770-5513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guang","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 252100, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Jinan 252100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102765","article-title":"Toward a systems approach to understanding plant cell walls","volume":"306","author":"Somerville","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246843","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1246843","article-title":"Lignin valorization: Improving lignin processing in the biorefinery","volume":"344","author":"Ragauskas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.14196","article-title":"Cell wall traits that influence plant development, immunity, and bioconversion","volume":"97","author":"Ferrari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2022.05.010","article-title":"Cell-wall microdomain remodeling controls crucial developmental processes","volume":"27","author":"Dauphin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaao3070","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aao3070","article-title":"The plant cell wall integrity maintenance and immune signaling systems cooperate to control stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"11","author":"Engelsdorf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. 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