{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:14:34Z","timestamp":1789992874369,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Erigeron sp. has been employed for medicinal purposes in the ethnopharmacology of numerous countries worldwide, as well as in modern-day herbal applications. Their healing capacity is determined by their bioactive compound content, with polyphenols playing a predominant role. Phytochemistry of two alien species in Lithuania, E. annuus (L.) Pers. and E. strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. was investigated. The phytochemicals in the extracts of flowers, leaves and roots were identified by the HPLC\/DAD\/TOF technique. Some acids, such as fumaric, succinic, quinic, malic, protocatechuic, p-coumaric, gelseminic and (iso-, neo-) chlorogenic, were found in the extracts of both investigated Erigeron species. Additionally, flavonoids and other constituents were tentatively identified in the plant extracts. Umbelliferone, loliolide, kaempferol\/luteolin, erigeside I, baicalin, quercetin and its glucoside, apigenin and its glucuronide, apigenin-7-O-glucuronide-6\u2032-ethyl ester, astragalin\/quercitrin, scutellarin, caffeoylshikimic acid glucoside, sesquiterpene hydrocarbon(s) and rutin were found to be common compounds in all extracts. A toxicity test using brine shrimp Artemia sp. larvae revealed that the activity order between both fleabane organs was as follows: leaves &gt; flowers &gt; roots. E. strigosus extracts exhibited slightly stronger toxic effects than E. annuus. Total phenolic content (TPC) varied from 11.88 \u00b1 1.27 to 304.94 \u00b1 3.81 (mg\/L, expressed in gallic acid equivalent (GAE)) in aqueous E. annuus root and methanolic E. strigosus leaf extracts, respectively. TPC and antioxidant ability differed significantly between the plant organs of both fleabanes. ABTS\u25cf+ and DPPH\u25cf scavenging capacity was detected for aqueous extracts of both Erigeron species, ranging from 0.16 \u00b1 0.02 (ABTS\u25cf+) to 17.55 \u00b1 0.07 (DPPH\u25cf) (mmol\/L, TROLOX equivalent) for E. strigosus roots and E. annuus leaves, respectively. A strong positive correlation between TPC and ABTS\u25cf+ scavenging capacity was determined (p = 0.01996 and p = 0.01171 for E. annus and E. strigosus extracts, respectively), while the correlation between TPC and DPPH\u25cf assay values was also positive, but did not reach statistical significance (p &gt; 0.05). For the first time, the data concerning the phytochemistry, toxicity and radical-scavenging capacity of E. strigosus have been documented. The present study makes a substantial contribution to studies already existing on bioactive phytochemicals of E. annuus, with a particular focus on E. strigosus plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15182851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:05:53Z","timestamp":1789988753000},"page":"2851","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Phytochemistry, Toxicity and\u00a0Radical-Scavenging Capacity of Two Erigeron Species (E. annuus (L.) Pers. and E. strigosus Muhl. ex Willd.) Extracts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3575-2475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asta","family":"Jud\u017eentien\u0117","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry, Sauletekio Avenue 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"},{"name":"Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saul\u0117tekio Avenue 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1790-1721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jurga","family":"B\u016bdien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry, Sauletekio Avenue 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Flora Online (2026, June 02). WFO Plant List. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldfloraonline.org."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Plants of the World Online (POWO) (2026, May 25). Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, UK. Available online: https:\/\/powo.science.kew.org."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2026, June 01). Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Available online: https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/occurrence\/map?taxon_key=3642949&occurrence_status=present."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Fitzgerald, H., and Helpdesk, G.N. (2020). Nordic Crop Wild Relative (CWR) Checklist, Nordic Genetic Resource Center (NORDGEN). Available online: https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/dataset\/8027d8d5-c8bc-4d54-bee9-f854f141b442."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"B\u00e1nki, O., Roskov, Y., D\u00f6ring, M., Ower, G., Robles, H.D.R., Corredor, P.C.A., Jeppesen, S.T., \u00d6rn, A., Pape, T., and Hobern, D. (2026). Catalogue of Life (2026-08-26 XR), Catalogue of Life Foundation. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48580\/dgyy9."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"898","article-title":"Clonal structure and reduced diversity of the invasive alien plant Erigeron annuus in Lithuania","volume":"8","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Gud\u017einskas, Z., and Ra\u0161omavi\u010dius, V. (2023). Invasive and Alien Species in Lithuania, Nature Research Centre."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Editorial Committee (2006). Erigeron (Asteraceae). Flora of North America (FNA) Volume 20, Oxford University Press. Available online: http:\/\/www.efloras.org\/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242416508."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2026, June 03). Nature Reserve Explorer. Available online: https:\/\/explorer.natureserve.org\/Taxon\/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.132001\/Erigeron_strigosus."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2026, June 12). Regarding the Amendment of the Minister of the Environment of the Republic of Lithuania \u201cRegarding the Approval of the List of Species of Invasive Organisms in Lithuania and the Recognition of Some Orders of the Minister of the Environment as Having Lost Their Validity\u201d. Available online: https:\/\/e-seimas.lrs.lt\/portal\/legalAct\/lt\/TAD\/0754e1b0b56011e6a3e9de0fc8d85cd8."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2026, September 14). Fleabane Benefits: Medicinal, Garden & Ecological Uses [Power Weed]. Available online: https:\/\/scicentric.org\/fleabane-benefits-medicinal-ecological-uses."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-023-02518-1","article-title":"Phytochemistry and biological activity of Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Naunyn-Schmiedeb","volume":"396","author":"Rana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.51976\/ijari.221437","article-title":"Phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, traditional and medicinal uses of Erigeron species: A review","volume":"2","author":"Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"IJARI"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-837827","article-title":"New sesquiterpenes from Erigeron annuus","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jud\u017eentien\u0117, A. (2025). Compositional variability of essential oils and their bioactivity in native and invasive Erigeron species. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30142989"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14072458","article-title":"Chemical Composition of the essential oils from the roots of Erigeron acris L. and Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers","volume":"14","author":"Nazaruk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"305","article-title":"Phytochemical constituents of the roots of Erigeron annuus","volume":"51","author":"Yoo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"95","article-title":"A new flavan from the aerial part of Erigeron annuus","volume":"58","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8546-6-25","article-title":"Neuroprotective and anti-oxidant effects of caffeic acid isolated from Erigeron annuus leaf","volume":"6","author":"Jeong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-001-1244-z","article-title":"Constituents of the flowers of Erigeron annuus with inhibitory activity on the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and aldose reductase","volume":"31","author":"Jang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.33.329","article-title":"3,5-Di-O-caffeoyl-epi-quinic acid from the leaves and stems of Erigeron annuus inhibits protein glycation, aldose reductase, and cataractogenesis","volume":"33","author":"Jang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02931862","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of Erigeron annuus extract and its three phenolic constituents","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(02)00236-4","article-title":"Germination inhibitory constituents from Erigeron annuus","volume":"61","author":"Oh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1021\/jf020850t","article-title":"Protein glycation inhibitory and antioxidative activities of some plant extracts in vitro","volume":"51","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"173","article-title":"Total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of invasive Erigeron annuus Pers. (Asteraceae) from different localities","volume":"5","author":"Yusuf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Environ. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112283","article-title":"Antioxidant and enzyme-inhibitory activity of extracts from Erigeron annuus flower","volume":"148","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., Choi, Y.-H., Lee, J.-H., Lee, S.-Y., and Kang, I.-J. (2021). Anti-obesity effect of Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. extract containing phenolic acids. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10061266"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.K., Nam, Y.H., Shin, S.W., Kim, M.C., An, J.I., Kim, N.W., Shim, J.H., Srinath, S., Hong, B.N., and Kwak, J.H. (2023). Erigeron annuus extract alleviates insulin resistance via regulating the expression of mitochondrial damage and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122685"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1462","article-title":"Chemical constituents of Erigeron annuus (L.)","volume":"51","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pers. Chin. Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1021\/np070489a","article-title":"Erigeroflavanone, a flavanone derivative from the flowers of Erigeron annuus with protein glycation and aldose reductase inhibitory activity","volume":"71","author":"Yoo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2009.03.021","article-title":"Cytoprotection against hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in cultured mouse mesangial cells by erigeroflavanone, a novel compound from the flowers of Erigeron annuus","volume":"180","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118581","article-title":"Investigating the antiviral activity of Erigeron annuus (L.) pers extract against RSV and examining its active components","volume":"334","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1007\/s10600-023-04109-1","article-title":"Flavonoids from Erigeron annuus","volume":"59","author":"Kovalev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Nat. Compd."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"2314","article-title":"Investigation into the impact of solvents on the phytochemical composition, antioxidant capacities, and antihyperglycemic activities of Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers","volume":"1","author":"Thakur","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02977755","article-title":"Ergosterol peroxide from flowers of Erigeron annuus L. as an anti-atherosclerosis agent","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2478\/cipms-2022-0018","article-title":"Study and determination of fructan-type polysaccharide content in Erigeron annuus L.","volume":"35","author":"Kovalev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Pharm. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.17721\/fujcV12I1P39-50","article-title":"Determination of carbohydrates in the herb Erigeron annuus","volume":"12","author":"Kovalev","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fr.-Ukr. J. Chem. (FUJC)"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.17721\/moca.2021.88-92","article-title":"An identification and study of amino acids of Erigeron annuus herb","volume":"16","author":"Kovalev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Objects Chem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"474","article-title":"Gamma-pyranone derivatives and other constituents from Erigeron annuus","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.51.894","article-title":"Two new cyclopentenone derivatives and a new cyclooctadienone derivative from Erigeron annuus (L.) PERS., Erigeron philadelphicus L., and Erigeron sumatrensis RETZ","volume":"51","author":"Iijima","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, M., Kwon, H., Kim, Y., Jin, H., Choi, G.-E., and Hyun, K.-Y. (2024). Erigeron annuus extract improves DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis in a mouse model via the Nrf2\/HO-1 pathway. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16030451"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, Y.H., Lee, O.H., Zheng, Y., and Kang, I.J. (2019). Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. extract inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells by activating an AMP-dependent kinase signaling pathway. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8050139"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"S152","article-title":"Roots of Erigeron annuus inhibits acute inflammatory response through NF-\u03baB inactivation","volume":"221","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297427","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/297427","article-title":"Roots of Erigeron annuus attenuate acute inflammation as mediated with the inhibition of NF- \u03ba B-associated nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production","volume":"2013","author":"Jo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.3746\/jkfn.2011.40.11.1507","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory effect of Erigeron annuus L. flower extract through heme oxygenase-1 induction in RAW264.7 macrophages","volume":"40","author":"Sung","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Liu, X., Fu, S., Wang, H., and Mu, L. (2025). Allelopathic Impact of Erigeron canadensis and Erigeron annuus on major crop species. Diversity, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/d17050318"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1080\/00387019408003246","article-title":"Molecular structure of 3-hydroxy-4-pyrone","volume":"27","author":"Tak","year":"1994","journal-title":"Spectrosc. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0944-7113(98)80011-1","article-title":"Antimycobacterial crude plant extracts from South, Central, and North America","volume":"5","author":"Cantrell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecofro.2024.06.004","article-title":"Preserving ethnomedicinal knowledge: Revealing the therapeutic potential of wild indigenous flora","volume":"44","author":"Anwar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Front."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12284","article-title":"Traditional uses of medicinal plants from the Canadian boreal forest for the management of chronic pain syndromes","volume":"16","author":"Uprety","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Pract."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"18","article-title":"Patch test sensitization to Compositae mix, sesquiterpene-lactone mix, Compositae extracts, laurel leaf, chlorophorin, mansonone A, and dimethoxydalbergione","volume":"12","author":"Kanerva","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"98","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of native and naturalized plants of Minnesota and Wisconsin","volume":"2","author":"Borchardt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Judzentiene, A., Budiene, J., Nedveckyte, I., and Garjonyte, R. (2022). Antioxidant and toxic Activity of Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench and Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don essential oils and extracts. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041311"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voynikov, Y. (2025). Arzanol: A review of chemical properties and biological activities. Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202508.1508.v1"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajek-Bil, A., Chmiel, M., W\u0142och, A., and Stompor-Gor\u0105cy, M. (2023). Baicalin\u2014Current trends in detection methods and health-promoting properties. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16040570"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2021.100432","article-title":"Baicalin, a natural antimicrobial and anti-biofilm agent","volume":"27","author":"Ozma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, X., Ning, C., Kang, M., Wang, X., Yu, Z., Hao, X., and Guo, H. (2025). Baicalin: Natural sources, extraction techniques, and therapeutic applications against bacterial infections. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30173464"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo\u017eien\u0117, K., and Petraityt\u0117, E. (2026). The Influence of water extraction methods on the isolation of polyphenols and tannins from various Ericaceae and Rosaceae species. Plants, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15050808"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, L., and Wang, X. (2025). A Comprehensive review of phenolic compounds in horticultural plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125767"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo\u017eien\u0117, K., and Chochlovait\u0117, I. (2025). Effect of phenological stage and leaf age on changes of chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in some weeds and invasive species. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30183788"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jud\u017eentien\u0117, A., Kundrotait\u0117, A., Charkova, T., and Nedveckyt\u0117, I. (2026). Phytochemistry and allelopathic properties of invasive Heracleum sosnowskyi aqueous extracts against lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Plants, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15030346"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1177\/009286159803200223","article-title":"The use of biological assays to evaluate botanicals","volume":"32","author":"McLaughlin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drug Inform. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jud\u017eentien\u0117, A., and B\u016bdien\u0117, J. (2026). Low-Thujone A. absinthium L. (Wormwood) essential oils and extracts with potential antioxidative\/prooxidant activity. Molecules, 31.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31101551"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/18\/2851\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:48:32Z","timestamp":1789991312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/18\/2851"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["plants15182851"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants15182851","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]}}}