{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:01:23Z","timestamp":1790226083999,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009169","name":"Assiut University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AUN Call 3-2023 F, Agr.003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AUN Call 3-2023 F, Agr.003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009169","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["AUN Call 3-2023 F, Agr.003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AUN Call 3-2023 F, Agr.003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01jaj8n65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Improving wheat for climate change requires understanding how seedling root systems affect adult plant performance. We evaluated 116 spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes across 25 traits under non-limiting moisture conditions. Analysis of variance revealed significant genotypic variation (p &lt; 0.01) for all traits. High broad-sense heritability (H2 up to 99.81%) and close alignment between genotypic (GCV) and phenotypic (PCV) coefficients of variation indicated substantial genotypic differentiation among the evaluated accessions under these experimental conditions. A 21-predictor path analysis (R2 = 0.80) identified the number of spikes per plant (NSP; direct effect = 0.51) and heading date (HD; \u22120.32) as the primary positive and negative determinants of grain yield per plant (GYP), respectively. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) resolved four distinct clusters, revealing a functional trade-off between early vegetative vigor and mature yield: elite cultivars and accessions (Cluster 1) combined compact shoots, a high root-to-shoot ratio (RSR = 1.55), and superior yield (GYP = 11.76 g), whereas excessive seedling biomass was associated with yield penalties. Deep seminal-root angle (DRA) established a steep spatial distribution. The multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI) identified 17 elite genotypes (e.g., G024, G020, G106, Sids14, and Gemiza11), offering an expected +32.3% genetic gain in GYP. These constitutive baseline architectural criteria provide reliable early-stage tools for breeding climate-adapted wheat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15192900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:28:43Z","timestamp":1790090923000},"page":"2900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Seedling Architecture to Grain: Linking Root and Shoot Traits with Yield Potential for Climate-Resilient Wheat Breeding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Amal Gamal","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6879-2559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amira M. I.","family":"Mourad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atif","family":"Aboelwafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4957-4040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helmy M.","family":"Youssef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany"},{"name":"Center for Converging Sciences and Emerging Technologies (CoSET), Benha National University, Al Obour 13518, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2540-7806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2025.09.007","article-title":"Wheat","volume":"35","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. 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