{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:10:50Z","timestamp":1790334650088,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003069","name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SIP 20260192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP 20260192"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["SIP 20260192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP 20260192"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059sp8j34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Climate change can reshape the climatic conditions available to mountain plants. Using MaxEnt, we modelled the current and future climatic suitability of Castilleja tenuiflora Benth., a medicinal hemiparasitic plant, across Mexico and quantified its spatial overlap with Mexican Protected Natural Areas (PNAs). The final model (LQ, RM = 0.5), calibrated with 194 spatially filtered presence records and seven bioclimatic predictors, achieved a mean spatial-validation AUC of 0.794 \u00b1 0.093. Annual mean temperature and temperature seasonality were the dominant predictors, jointly accounting for approximately 96% of model contribution. Current climatic suitability above the 10th-percentile training-presence threshold (P10 = 0.162865) covered approximately 548,819 km2. Future projections using CMCC-ESM2 under SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 for three periods spanning 2021\u20132080 showed net contractions in climatically suitable area under all scenarios. By 2061\u20132080, the area above P10 decreased by 41.6% under SSP1-2.6 and by 65.3% under SSP5-8.5. Across all projections, losses of climatically suitable area substantially exceeded gains, while the area maintaining suitable conditions decreased towards the end of the century; proportionally greater contractions were observed at more restrictive suitability thresholds. Currently, approximately 48,690 km2 of \u2265P10 climatic suitability overlaps the PNA network, decreasing to 23,638 km2 under SSP5-8.5 by 2061\u20132080. Nevado de Toluca, Iztacc\u00edhuatl-Popocat\u00e9petl, and Pico de Orizaba consistently retained areas above the P90 suitability threshold under current conditions and all six future projections. These results indicate a substantial potential contraction of climatic suitability for C. tenuiflora and highlight protected areas retaining suitable climatic conditions as priorities for field verification, monitoring, and conservation planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15192935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T10:34:10Z","timestamp":1790332450000},"page":"2935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Present and Future Climatic Suitability of Castilleja tenuiflora in Mexico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4597-2885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Rafael","family":"Garibay-Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bi\u00f3ticos, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (CEPROBI-IPN), Carr. Yautepec-Jojutla Km 6, Calle CEPROBI No. 8, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec 62739, Mexico"},{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n (SECIHTI), Mexico City 03940, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alma Rosa","family":"L\u00f3pez-Laredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bi\u00f3ticos, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (CEPROBI-IPN), Carr. Yautepec-Jojutla Km 6, Calle CEPROBI No. 8, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec 62739, Mexico"},{"name":"Red de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Red de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8528-7933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Rubio-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bi\u00f3ticos, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (CEPROBI-IPN), Carr. Yautepec-Jojutla Km 6, Calle CEPROBI No. 8, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec 62739, Mexico"},{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n (SECIHTI), Mexico City 03940, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7479-9332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Trejo-Tapia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bi\u00f3ticos, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (CEPROBI-IPN), Carr. Yautepec-Jojutla Km 6, Calle CEPROBI No. 8, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec 62739, Mexico"},{"name":"Red de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Red de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5885-360X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Trejo-Espino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bi\u00f3ticos, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (CEPROBI-IPN), Carr. Yautepec-Jojutla Km 6, Calle CEPROBI No. 8, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec 62739, Mexico"},{"name":"Red de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Red de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00299-021-02759-5","article-title":"Climate change regulated abiotic stress mechanisms in plants: A comprehensive review","volume":"41","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2008.0231","article-title":"Climate and land use change impacts on plant distributions in Germany","volume":"4","author":"Pompe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206432","article-title":"Rapid range shifts of species associated with high levels of climate warming","volume":"333","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1156831","article-title":"A significant upward shift in plant species optimum elevation during the 20th century","volume":"320","author":"Lenoir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15290","article-title":"Climate change leads to accelerated transformation of high-elevation vegetation in the central Alps","volume":"220","author":"Lamprecht","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8245","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409902102","article-title":"Climate change threats to plant diversity in Europe","volume":"102","author":"Thuiller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppees.2007.09.004","article-title":"Predicting global change impacts on plant species\u2019 distributions: Future challenges","volume":"9","author":"Thuiller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026","article-title":"Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions","volume":"190","author":"Phillips","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-4642.2010.00725.x","article-title":"A statistical explanation of MaxEnt for ecologists","volume":"17","author":"Elith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Divers. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2019.01.003","article-title":"Using MaxEnt modeling to predict the potential distribution of the endemic plant Rosa arabica Cr\u00e9p. in Egypt","volume":"50","author":"Abdelaal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2012.07191.x","article-title":"Improving species distribution models using biotic interactions: A case study of parasites, pollinators and plants","volume":"36","author":"Giannini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-9-3461-2016","article-title":"The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6","volume":"9","author":"Tebaldi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009","article-title":"The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: An overview","volume":"42","author":"Riahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S.L., P\u00e9an, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., and Gomis, M.I. (2021). Summary for Policymakers. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de \u00c1reas Naturales Protegidas (CONANP) (2026, August 21). \u00c1reas Naturales Protegidas. Available online: https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/conanp\/documentos\/areas-naturales-protegidas-278226."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2007)5[131:PANIAC]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Protected area needs in a changing climate","volume":"5","author":"Hannah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1525\/bio.2011.61.10.5","article-title":"Climate change and species range dynamics in protected areas","volume":"61","author":"Palamar","year":"2011","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13090","article-title":"Response of the endangered tropical dry forests to climate change and the role of Mexican Protected Areas for their conservation","volume":"22","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"e912883","article-title":"Efecto del cambio clim\u00e1tico en la distribuci\u00f3n de especies clave en la vegetaci\u00f3n de duna costera en la pen\u00ednsula de Yucat\u00e1n, M\u00e9xico","volume":"91","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flora.2015.05.003","article-title":"Potential hosts of Castilleja tenuiflora (Orobanchaceae) and characterization of its haustoria","volume":"214","year":"2015","journal-title":"Flora"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"GBIF Secretariat (2026, August 21). Castilleja tenuiflora Benth. In GBIF Backbone Taxonomy; Checklist Dataset. Available online: https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/species\/3170579."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Rzedowski, J. (2006). Vegetaci\u00f3n de M\u00e9xico, Comisi\u00f3n Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12109","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules181012109","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of iridoids and verbascoside isolated from Castilleja tenuiflora","volume":"18","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.10.002","article-title":"In vivo anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcerogenic activities of extracts from wild growing and in vitro plants of Castilleja tenuiflora Benth. (Orobanchaceae)","volume":"150","author":"Villarreal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Rodr\u00edguez, R., Herrera-Ruiz, M., Trejo-Tapia, G., Dom\u00ednguez-Mendoza, B.E., Gonz\u00e1lez-Cortazar, M., and Zamilpa, A. (2019). In vivo gastroprotective and antidepressant effects of iridoids, verbascoside and tenuifloroside from Castilleja tenuiflora Benth. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24071292"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2011.09.005","article-title":"Adventitious root cultures of Castilleja tenuiflora Benth. as a source of phenylethanoid glycosides","volume":"36","author":"Zamilpa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arango-De la Pava, L.D., Zamilpa, A., Trejo-Espino, J.L., Dom\u00ednguez-Mendoza, B.E., Jim\u00e9nez-Ferrer, E., P\u00e9rez-Mart\u00ednez, L., and Trejo-Tapia, G. (2021). Synergism and subadditivity of verbascoside\u2013lignans and \u2013iridoids binary mixtures isolated from Castilleja tenuiflora Benth. on NF-\u03baB\/AP-1 inhibition activity. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26030547"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00fcrger, M., and Trejo-Tapia, G. (Trends Plant Sci., 2026). Painting new pathways: Castilleja enters the genomic era, Trends Plant Sci., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2026.08.004"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"3","article-title":"Evoluci\u00f3n tect\u00f3nica de M\u00e9xico durante el Fanerozoico","volume":"Volume II","author":"Papavero","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biodiversidad, Taxonom\u00eda y Biogeograf\u00eda de Artr\u00f3podos de M\u00e9xico"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, E. (2004). Modificaciones al Sistema de Clasificaci\u00f3n Clim\u00e1tica de K\u00f6ppen, Instituto de Geograf\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Vidal-Zepeda, R. (2005). Las Regiones Clim\u00e1ticas de M\u00e9xico, Instituto de Geograf\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Sarukh\u00e1n, J. (2008). El conocimiento biogeogr\u00e1fico de las especies y su regionalizaci\u00f3n natural, Capital Natural de M\u00e9xico. Vol. I: Conocimiento Actual de la Biodiversidad."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarukh\u00e1n, J. (2008). La perspectiva biogeogr\u00e1fica hist\u00f3rica, Capital Natural de M\u00e9xico. Vol. I: Conocimiento Actual de la Biodiversidad.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.118843"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2026, August 21). Herbario Nacional de M\u00e9xico (MEXU), Instituto de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico. Available online: https:\/\/ib.unam.mx\/ib\/colecciones-biologicas\/herbario-nacional\/."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Mexican Herbaria Network (2026, August 21). Castilleja\u00a0tenuiflora. Available online: https:\/\/herbanwmex.net\/portal\/collections\/list.php?usethes=1&taxa=3050."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"iNaturalist (2026, August 21). Castilleja tenuiflora Observations. Available online: https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/es\/taxa\/143148-Castilleja-tenuiflora."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1179\/sre.1975.23.176.88","article-title":"Direct and inverse solutions of geodesics on the ellipsoid with application of nested equations","volume":"23","author":"Vincenty","year":"1975","journal-title":"Surv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4277.2.8","article-title":"Mexican biogeographic provinces: Map and shapefiles","volume":"4277","author":"Morrone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5086","article-title":"WorldClim 2: New 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas","volume":"37","author":"Fick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.03049","article-title":"Opening the black box: An open-source release of Maxent","volume":"40","author":"Phillips","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13628","article-title":"ENMeval 2.0: Redesigned for customizable and reproducible modeling of species\u2019 niches and distributions","volume":"12","author":"Kass","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12261","article-title":"ENMeval: An R package for conducting spatially independent evaluations and estimating optimal model complexity for Maxent ecological niche models","volume":"5","author":"Muscarella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"R Core Team (2026). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Hijmans, R.J. (2026). terra: Spatial Data Analysis, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. R package."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO) (2026, August 21). Geoportal del Sistema Nacional de Informaci\u00f3n Sobre Biodiversidad (SNIB). Available online: http:\/\/www.conabio.gob.mx\/informacion\/gis\/."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Rzedowski, J., and Comisi\u00f3n Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO) (2026, August 21). Vegetaci\u00f3n Potencial de M\u00e9xico, Scale 1:4,000,000. Available online: http:\/\/geoportal.conabio.gob.mx\/metadatos\/doc\/html\/vpr4mgw.html."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Maples-Vermeersch, M., and Comisi\u00f3n Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO) (2026, August 21). Reg\u00edmenes de Humedad del Suelo, Scale 1:4,000,000. Available online: http:\/\/geoportal.conabio.gob.mx\/metadatos\/doc\/html\/rehsu4mgw.html."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, E., and Comisi\u00f3n Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO) (2026, August 21). Climas de M\u00e9xico Seg\u00fan la Clasificaci\u00f3n de K\u00f6ppen Modificada por Garc\u00eda, Scale 1:1,000,000. Available online: http:\/\/geoportal.conabio.gob.mx\/metadatos\/doc\/html\/clima1mgw.html."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"WorldClim (2026, August 21). Future Climate Data\u2014CMIP6, 30 Seconds Spatial Resolution. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldclim.org\/data\/cmip6\/cmip6climate.html."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2013.04.011","article-title":"Constraints on interpretation of ecological niche models by limited environmental ranges on calibration areas","volume":"263","author":"Owens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Geograf\u00eda (INEGI) (2013). Continuo de Elevaciones Mexicano 3.0 (CEM 3.0), INEGI. Available online: https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/app\/geo2\/elevacionesmex\/."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), and Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de \u00c1reas Naturales Protegidas (CONANP) (2026, August 21). \u00c1reas Naturales Protegidas Federales de M\u00e9xico, Septiembre 2024, Available online: http:\/\/geoportal.conabio.gob.mx\/metadatos\/doc\/html\/anpmx.html."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2018-009","article-title":"Simple features for R: Standardized support for spatial vector data","volume":"10","author":"Pebesma","year":"2018","journal-title":"R J."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Baston, D. (2026). exactextractr: Fast Extraction from Raster Datasets Using Polygons, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. R package."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.13211","article-title":"Predictor complexity and feature selection affect Maxent model transferability: Evidence from global freshwater invasive species","volume":"27","author":"Low","year":"2021","journal-title":"Divers. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s10682-022-10224-2","article-title":"An evolutionary approach by second derivatives of the population growth rate of Castilleja tenuiflora, a hemiparasitic plant with and without hosts","volume":"37","author":"Pisanty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Evol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-019-0842-1","article-title":"Global buffering of temperatures under forest canopies","volume":"3","author":"Zellweger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2023.109828","article-title":"Higher soil moisture increases microclimate temperature buffering in temperate broadleaf forests","volume":"345","author":"Greiser","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"e03566","article-title":"Caragana versicolor shrub expansion is enhanced by moderate warming but later constrained by climate extremes in the southwestern Tibetan Plateau","volume":"59","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13832","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.13832","article-title":"Elevation modulates the impacts of climate change on the Brazilian Cerrado flora","volume":"30","author":"Silva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Divers. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.14389","article-title":"Understanding climate change impacts on biome and plant distributions in the Andes: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"49","author":"Tovar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2656","article-title":"Global mountain topography and the fate of montane species under climate change","volume":"5","author":"Elsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.03986","article-title":"An evaluation of transferability of ecological niche models","volume":"42","author":"Qiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3719","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.3719","article-title":"Biological invasions reveal how niche change affects the transferability of species distribution models","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2980\/1195-6860(2006)13[23:TDOFUB]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of flower use by hummingbirds in a highland temperate forest in Mexico","volume":"13","author":"Lara","year":"2006","journal-title":"\u00c9coscience"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"569","article-title":"Redes de interacci\u00f3n colibr\u00ed-planta del centro-este de M\u00e9xico","volume":"83","author":"Valle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70469","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.70469","article-title":"Elevational and seasonal patterns of plant\u2013hummingbird interactions in a high tropical mountain","volume":"14","author":"Arizmendi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.1784","article-title":"Floral traits differentiate pollination syndromes and species but fail to predict the identity of floral visitors to Castilleja","volume":"108","author":"Hilpman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e09708","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.09708","article-title":"Range-wide floral trait variation reflects shifts in pollinator assemblages, consistent with pollinator-mediated divergence despite generalized visitation","volume":"2023","author":"Wenzell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11443","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.11443","article-title":"Adaptive generalization in pollination systems: Hawkmoths increase fitness to long-tubed flowers, but secondary pollinators remain important","volume":"14","author":"Wenzell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"1243","article-title":"Effects of a snowstorm event on the interactions between plants and hummingbirds: Fast recovery of spatio-temporal patterns","volume":"82","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"487","article-title":"Most Mexican hummingbirds lose under climate and land-use change: Long-term conservation implications","volume":"19","author":"Arizmendi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perspect. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-022-03447-3","article-title":"Together forever? Hummingbird\u2013plant relationships in the face of climate warming","volume":"175","author":"Arizmendi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"e02279","article-title":"Ecological niche modeling of interactions in a buzz-pollinated invasive weed","volume":"39","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Hidalgo, I., Fleury, M., and Bustamante, R.O. (2023). Niche models as a tool to inform restoration and conservation strategies: The case of Jubaea chilensis (palm, Arecaceae) and its seed disperser Octodon degus (rodent, Octodontidae). Front. For. Glob. Change, 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/ffgc.2023.1143208"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2019.108215","article-title":"Climate change threatens the most biodiverse regions of Mexico","volume":"240","author":"Beaumont","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17282","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.17282","article-title":"Climate-driven shifts in the diversity of plants in the Neotropical seasonally dry forest: Evaluating the effectiveness of protected areas","volume":"30","author":"Villalobos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-27365-7","article-title":"The performance of protected-area expansions in representing tropical Andean species: Past trends and climate change prospects","volume":"13","author":"Fajardo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2019.108258","article-title":"Protected areas as potential refugia for biodiversity under climatic change","volume":"241","author":"Haight","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2024.110728","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of protected areas in lowering extinction risks in a biodiversity hotspot","volume":"297","author":"Beaumont","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70246","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.70246","article-title":"Hemiparasitic Castilleja presence is correlated with increased plant biodiversity across montane plant communities","volume":"113","author":"Argrett","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheidel, A., and Borowicz, V. (2024). Effects of hemiparasites in grassland restorations are not universal. Diversity, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/d16020102"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/19\/2935\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T10:49:46Z","timestamp":1790333386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/15\/19\/2935"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["plants15192935"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants15192935","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]}}}