{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:01:15Z","timestamp":1790830875821,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":215,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbon-based nanomaterials have emerged as promising tools for addressing major challenges in sustainable agriculture, including declining soil fertility, climate change, resource inefficiency, and increasing environmental pollution. Among these materials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have attracted considerable attention because of their unique physicochemical properties and diverse interactions with plants and soil systems. This review provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of CNTs and CQDs, emphasizing how their structural characteristics govern environmental fate, plant uptake, physiological responses, and stress mitigation mechanisms. CNTs primarily function as one-dimensional nanostructures that improve soil properties, facilitate nutrient delivery, and immobilize environmental contaminants, whereas CQDs, owing to their ultrasmall size, excellent water dispersibility, and intrinsic fluorescence, actively regulate plant metabolism, photosynthesis, nutrient acquisition, and antioxidant defense. Their distinct transport pathways, rhizosphere interactions, and subcellular localization are critically evaluated alongside recent advances in synthesis, surface functionalization, and physicochemical modification. The review further summarizes current evidence regarding their roles in enhancing tolerance to heavy metal toxicity, salinity, and drought stress through modulation of reactive oxygen species scavenging, osmotic regulation, ion homeostasis, and stress-responsive signaling pathways. Potential phytotoxicity, environmental persistence, ecological risks, and green synthesis strategies are also discussed to provide a balanced assessment of their agricultural applications. Emerging opportunities for synergistic CNT\u2013CQD composite systems are discussed, together with major knowledge gaps and future research priorities, including machine learning-assisted nanomaterial design, multi-omics characterization, long-term field validation, and life cycle-based risk assessment. This review establishes a conditional, context-dependent structure\u2013behavior\u2013function conceptual framework that provides theoretical guidance for the rational design and safe implementation of carbon nanomaterials in next-generation sustainable agriculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15192969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:10:54Z","timestamp":1790673054000},"page":"2969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Quantum Dots for Sustainable Agriculture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shuoqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zhenjiang, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linjing","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zhenjiang, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station (Shanghai Urban Ecosystem Research Station), Ministry of Science and Technology, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7441-8758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA)\/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Agro-Environment Protection Institution, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinghe","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Technology Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles Obinwanne","family":"Okoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zhenjiang, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxiong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zhenjiang, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station (Shanghai Urban Ecosystem Research Station), Ministry of Science and Technology, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linchuan","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-Metallic Mineral Resources, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1445-6810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xunfeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Zhenjiang, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station (Shanghai Urban Ecosystem Research Station), Ministry of Science and Technology, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2017). 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