{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:06:24Z","timestamp":1790687184299,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Madagascar periwinkle [Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don] produces vindoline and catharanthine, key precursors used in the semi-synthesis of the high-value anticancer alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine. Closed plant production systems (CPPS) allow precise application of environmental stimuli, including light spectrum and plasma-activated water (PAW). In a previous study, we demonstrated the potential of combining artificial light (white and red) and PAW to enhance the production of these alkaloids in periwinkle grown under controlled CPPS conditions. The present study expands this approach by adopting a more scalable PAW application method and a broader range of LED light spectra to evaluate their effects on vindoline and catharanthine accumulation. After a 37-day pre-treatment under white LEDs in environmentally controlled rooms, plants were subjected to fourteen treatments: phosphor-converted warm white (WW-P, control), red (R), blue (B), red\u2013blue (RB), red\u2013blue\u2013far red (RBFR), phosphor-converted cool white (CW-P), and color-mixed white (W-CM) LED light, each with or without PAW. Plant growth and alkaloid-related responses were assessed at three sampling times: before treatment application (T0), 47 (T1), and 55 (T2) days after pre-treatment. RB produced the highest total vindoline and catharanthine yields [sum of leaf and root yields, with each organ yield calculated as organ dry mass (DM, g plant\u22121) \u00d7 organ alkaloid concentration (\u00b5g g\u22121 DM)], reaching 228.0 \u00b1 16.9 and 338.0 \u00b1 27.0 \u00b5g plant\u22121, respectively, which were significantly higher than those obtained under all other light spectra (1.4-fold for vindoline and 1.3-fold for catharanthine relative to WW-P), except for W-CM, for which no significant differences were observed. PAW significantly increased total vindoline and catharanthine yields, reaching 211.0 \u00b1 8.0 and 278.0 \u00b1 11.0 \u00b5g plant\u22121, respectively, corresponding to 1.9- and 1.3-fold increases compared with the untreated condition. Sampling time had a strong effect on total vindoline and catharanthine yields, increasing from 6.0 \u00b1 0.7 and 13.9 \u00b1 1.7 \u00b5g plant\u22121, respectively, at T0, to 258.7 \u00b1 9.8 and 414.0 \u00b1 17.0 \u00b5g plant\u22121, respectively, at T2, corresponding to 43.1- and 29.8-fold increases. In conclusion, the combined use of RB light and PAW, together with harvesting at T2, represented the most effective strategy to achieve high vindoline and catharanthine production, as it enhanced the total yields of both alkaloids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15192970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:09:25Z","timestamp":1790683765000},"page":"2970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Red\u2013Blue LED Light and Plasma-Activated Water Enhance Vindoline and Catharanthine Yields in Catharanthus roseus Grown in a Closed Plant Production System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5871-1265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Quadri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Viale Fanin, 44, 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