{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:49:56Z","timestamp":1791521396123,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2025-16072817"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-16072817"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2026-25479878"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2026-25479878"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2025-16072817"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-16072817"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2026-25479878"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2026-25479878"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cation\/H+ Exchangers (CAXs) are involved in the sequestration of cations such as Ca2+, Mn2+, Li+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ from the cytosol into the vacuole using proton gradients. Our previous studies demonstrated the involvement of AtCAX3 in Cd2+ tolerance. In this study, we investigated whether AtCAX3 is also involved in tolerance to the endocrine disruptor Bisphenol A (BPA). Furthermore, to examine the role of the autoinhibitory domain of AtCAX3 in BPA tolerance, the empty vector (pYES5), AtCAX3, \u039436-AtCAX3 (deletion of the N-terminal regulatory region; NRR), and \u039490-AtCAX3 (deletion of both the NRR and regulatory-dependent region; RDR) were overexpressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the atcax3 knockout mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana. In Arabidopsis, BPA tolerance, Ca2+ levels, and antioxidant enzyme activities were highest in \u039490-AtCAX3-overexpressing plants, followed by \u039436-AtCAX3, AtCAX3, Col-0, and atcax3. Conversely, ROS levels followed the opposite pattern. Interestingly, the expression levels of Ca2+ importer genes (AtCNGC10 and AtMCA1) were increased, whereas those of Ca2+ exporter genes (AtACA10) were decreased in the order of \u039490-AtCAX3 &gt; \u039436-AtCAX3 &gt; AtCAX3 &gt; Col-0 &gt; atcax3. These results suggest that elevated Ca2+ levels may contribute to ROS reduction. Taken together, deletion of the autoinhibitory domain of AtCAX3 enhances BPA tolerance by reducing BPA-induced ROS accumulation through increased Ca2+ accumulation and activation of antioxidant defense systems. Furthermore, enhanced Ca2+ homeostasis may interfere with the positive feedback loop between BPA-induced ROS generation and Ca2+ spikes. These findings can be applied to develop BPA phytoremediators and BPA-resilient crops.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15193042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:57:18Z","timestamp":1791190638000},"page":"3042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular Mechanism of AtCAX3-Induced BPA Tolerance in Plants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6903-4811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"HyoCheol","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0092-5620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"DongGwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JunHyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6973-7843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung Hwa","family":"Kee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8282-852X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hye Hyun","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1500-2899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"SeongBin","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3761","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eraa269","article-title":"Extreme environments: Crucibles of potent abiotic stress tolerance","volume":"71","author":"Doerner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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