{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T09:52:53Z","timestamp":1791453173664,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32201295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32201295"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32201295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32201295"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Plant\u2013plant interactions rely on neighbor-derived cues. Access to multiple cue channels should allow better identity assessment, yet integrative studies\u2014especially on touch between neighbors\u2014remain limited. Methods: We tested how leaf contact and shared rooting space between neighbors influence plant\u2013plant interactions, by measuring growth of Glechoma grandis paired with conspecific, congeneric, or distant heterospecific neighbors. Results: Neighbor effect strength depended on interaction mode: leaf contact alone triggered stronger neighbor identity-dependent growth than shared rooting space alone, and combined channels were strongest. With both channels, plants were a conservative strategy toward conspecifics (reducing stolon allocation), but competitive toward heterospecifics (increasing leaf area and roots, stolons and leaf biomass). The competitive strategy further diverged with phylogenetic distance\u2014congeneric neighbors induced thicker stolons; distant heterospecific neighbors led to longer, thinner stolons. Moreover, interaction mode outweighed neighbor identity: without interactions, neighbor effects differed only between conspecific and heterospecific neighbors (conspecifics induced longer stolons and more ramets, indicating greater expansion, but heterospecific neighbors did not differ); with interactions, leaf contact mainly affected leaf area, shared rooting space affected root allocation, and combined channels eliminated differences in G. grandis among neighbors combinations. Conclusions: Leaf contact triggered the most obvious neighbor identity-dependent growth responses, whereas the combination of leaf contact and shared rooting space caused convergence of growth responses among neighbor combinations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15193060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T08:34:25Z","timestamp":1791448465000},"page":"3060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-Channel Neighbor Interactions Adjust Growth Strategies in the Clonal Plant Glechoma grandis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yuzhuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yidan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiali","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province\/Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8618-1126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province\/Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2029-554X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3867","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06429-1","article-title":"Plant neighbor detection and allelochemical response are driven by root-secreted signaling chemicals","volume":"9","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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