{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T08:45:21Z","timestamp":1791794721892,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","award":["20250683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20250683"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059sp8j34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","award":["20253508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20253508"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059sp8j34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","award":["20260087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20260087"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059sp8j34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","award":["20260807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20260807"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059sp8j34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"SECIHTI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4005930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4005930"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["4005930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4005930"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059ex5q34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lettuce is a vegetable crop of major importance in the global diet due to its low caloric content and high levels of fiber, minerals, vitamins, and antioxidant compounds. China is the world\u2019s leading lettuce producer, accounting for more than 50% of global production. However, climate change and anthropogenic activities expose agricultural crops to both biotic and abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, and heavy metal contamination. These adverse conditions induce the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, resulting in redox imbalance that damages lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, ultimately leading to wilting, chlorosis, necrosis, and reductions in plant growth and nutritional value. To counteract cellular damage, this review describes various strategies for mitigating oxidative stress in lettuce crops. These approaches include the exogenous application of antioxidants and osmoprotectants, the use of biostimulants, nanopriming techniques, nanoparticles, encapsulated delivery systems, genome editing, and genetic engineering. Finally, this review concludes that oxidative stress management should evolve toward an integrated, precision-based approach combining two or more complementary strategies to ensure crop sustainability, commercial yield, and food security under challenging environmental conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants15193069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:26:53Z","timestamp":1791458813000},"page":"3069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oxidative Stress in Lactuca sativa L.: Cellular Mechanisms, Stress Responses, and Mitigation Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5093-8410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Gomez-Castrejon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos, Zacatenco, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Alcald\u00eda Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Ramos-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnolog\u00edas. Av. Luis Enrique Erro S\/N, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos, Zacatenco, Alcald\u00eda Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9347-9599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Sol\u00eds-Oba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biotecnolog\u00eda Aplicada, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Ex-Hacienda San Juan Molino, Carretera Estatal Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km 1.5, Santa In\u00e9s Tecuexcomac, Tlaxcala 90700, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0901-5140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"Alamilla-Beltran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos, Zacatenco, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Alcald\u00eda Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5161-5134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnolog\u00edas. Av. Luis Enrique Erro S\/N, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos, Zacatenco, Alcald\u00eda Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0441-9891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Perea-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnolog\u00edas. Av. Luis Enrique Erro S\/N, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos, Zacatenco, Alcald\u00eda Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59574-3","article-title":"Nutritional Quality, Mineral and Antioxidant Content in Lettuce Affected by Interaction of Light Intensity and Nutrient Solution Concentration","volume":"10","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"7","article-title":"Perfil de Metabolitos y Capacidad Antioxidante de Lechuga Lactuca sativa Var. Longifolia En Cultivo Acuap\u00f3nico Irrigado Con Efluentes Camaron\u00edcolas","volume":"23","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotecnia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monsees, H., Suhl, J., Paul, M., Kloas, W., Dannehl, D., and W\u00fcrtz, S. (2019). 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