{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T08:37:09Z","timestamp":1790152629345,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]],"date-time":"2018-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although wheat is a staple food for most of the human population, some of its components trigger adverse reactions. Among wheat components, the alpha-amylase\/trypsin inhibitors (ATI) are important triggers of several allergies and activators of innate immunity. ATI are a group of exogenous protease inhibitors and include several polypeptides. The three ATI polypeptides named CM3, CM16 and 0.28 are considered major allergens, and might also play a role in other common wheat-related pathologies, such as Non Celiac Wheat Sensitivity and even Celiac Disease. On this basis, we pointed to obtain high amounts of them in purity and to evaluate their allergenicity potential. We thus isolated the mRNA corresponding to the three ATI genes CM3, CM16 and 0.28 from 28 days post-anthesis wheat kernels and the corresponding cDNAs were used for heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris. The three purified proteins were tested in degranulation assay against human sera of patients with food allergy to wheat. A large range of degranulation values was observed for each protein according to the sera tested. All of the three purified proteins CM3, CM16 and 0.28 were active as allergens because they were able to induce basophils degranulation on wheat allergic patients\u2019 sera, with the highest values of \u03b2-hexosaminidase release observed for CM3 protein.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants7040101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,21]],"date-time":"2018-11-21T11:23:27Z","timestamp":1542799407000},"page":"101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Wheat ATI CM3, CM16 and 0.28 Allergens Produced in Pichia Pastoris Display a Different Eliciting Potential in Food Allergy to Wheat \u2021"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Silvio","family":"Tundo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. C. de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"},{"name":"Present address: Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1293-6135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Lupi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR 1268 BIA (Biopolymers, Interactions, Assemblies) INRA, 44300 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2646-0286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mickael","family":"Lafond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Giardina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colette","family":"Larr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR 1268 BIA (Biopolymers, Interactions, Assemblies) INRA, 44300 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Denery-Papini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR 1268 BIA (Biopolymers, Interactions, Assemblies) INRA, 44300 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4028-703X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martine","family":"Morisset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019Allergologie - CHU ANGERS, 4 rue Larrey 49933 Angers Cedex 9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0110-2888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raviraj","family":"Kalunke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. C. de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"},{"name":"Present address: Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9653-8002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Sestili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. C. de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2857-4498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Masci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. 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