{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T07:40:59Z","timestamp":1792741259306,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]],"date-time":"2020-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The low phytic acid (lpa), or \u201clow-phytate\u201d seed trait can provide numerous potential benefits to the nutritional quality of foods and feeds and to the sustainability of agricultural production. Major benefits include enhanced phosphorus (P) management contributing to enhanced sustainability in non-ruminant (poultry, swine, and fish) production; reduced environmental impact due to reduced waste P in non-ruminant production; enhanced \u201cglobal\u201d bioavailability of minerals (iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium) for both humans and non-ruminant animals; enhancement of animal health, productivity and the quality of animal products; development of \u201clow seed total P\u201d crops which also can enhance management of P in agricultural production and contribute to its sustainability. Evaluations of this trait by industry and by advocates of biofortification via breeding for enhanced mineral density have been too short term and too narrowly focused. Arguments against breeding for the low-phytate trait overstate the negatives such as potentially reduced yields and field performance or possible reductions in phytic acid\u2019s health benefits. Progress in breeding or genetically-engineering high-yielding stress-tolerant low-phytate crops continues. Perhaps due to the potential benefits of the low-phytate trait, the challenge of developing high-yielding, stress-tolerant low-phytate crops has become something of a holy grail for crop genetic engineering. While there are widely available and efficacious alternative approaches to deal with the problems posed by seed-derived dietary phytic acid, such as use of the enzyme phytase as a feed additive, or biofortification breeding, if there were an interest in developing low-phytate crops with good field performance and good seed quality, it could be accomplished given adequate time and support. Even with a moderate reduction in yield, in light of the numerous benefits of low-phytate types as human foods or animal feeds, should one not grow a nutritionally-enhanced crop variant that perhaps has 5% to 10% less yield than a standard variant but one that is substantially more nutritious? Such crops would be a benefit to human nutrition especially in populations at risk for iron and zinc deficiency, and a benefit to the sustainability of agricultural production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9020140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]],"date-time":"2020-01-24T11:01:00Z","timestamp":1579863660000},"page":"140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Low phytic acid Crops: Observations Based on Four Decades of Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Victor","family":"Raboy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS Small Grains and Potato Research Unit, 1691 South 2700 West, Aberdeen, ID 83210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(03)00446-1","article-title":"myo-Inositol-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexakisphosphate","volume":"64","author":"Raboy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.124.1.355","article-title":"Origin and seed phenotype of maize low phytic acid 1-1 and low phytic acid 2-1","volume":"124","author":"Raboy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2005.02412.x","article-title":"The maize low-phytic acid 3 encodes a myo-inositol kinase that plays a role in phytic acid biosynthesis in developing seeds","volume":"42","author":"Shi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12612","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504172102","article-title":"Generation of phytate-free seeds in Arabidopsis through disruption of inositol polyphosphate kinases","volume":"102","author":"Bastidas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. 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