{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T16:51:22Z","timestamp":1768927882103,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]],"date-time":"2020-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"grant-in-aid for research on Agriculture and Food Science","award":["25029AB)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25029AB)"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["26304024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26304024"]}]},{"name":"MEXT Scholarship","award":["120573"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120573"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The inhibitory activities of the leachates and volatiles from 53 plant species (spices and herbs) were evaluated against lettuce (Lactuca sativa \u201cGreat Lakes 366\u201d) seedling growth using the sandwich and dish pack methods, respectively. With the sandwich method, parsley (Petroselinum sativum) showed the strongest inhibitory effect on lettuce radicle growth (77%), followed by tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) (72%). However, caraway (Carum carvi), dill (Anethum graveolens) (seed), laurel (Laurus nobilis), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), and sage (Salvia officinalis) were the most inhibitory species (100% inhibition of lettuce radicle and hypocotyl growth inhibition at all distance wells) in the dish pack method. Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) also showed strong inhibitory activity (100% for radicle and hypocotyl growth inhibition at all 41 and 58 mm distance wells). The headspace sampling and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified the main inhibitory active compounds as carvone in caraway and dill (seeds), 1,8-cineole in laurel and cardamom, and borneol in thyme. Both camphor and 1,8-cineole were detected in rosemary and sage, and the total activity evaluation showed that camphor was the major inhibitory compound in rosemary, although both compounds played equal roles in sage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9020264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,25]],"date-time":"2020-02-25T08:12:22Z","timestamp":1582618342000},"page":"264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Plant Growth Inhibitory Activities and Volatile Active Compounds of 53 Spices and Herbs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Sekine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Miyagi Prefectural Agriculture and Horticulture Research Centre, 1, Higashi-kongouji, Kawakami, Takadate, Natori, Miyagi 981-1243, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwame Sarpong","family":"Appiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Production Science, United Graduate School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8813-4518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid","family":"Azizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5412-395X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshiharu","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Production Science, United Graduate School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan"},{"name":"National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3, Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Copping, L.G. (1996). Pesticides from nature. Part I: Crop protection agents from higher plants\u2014An overview. Crop Protection Agents from Nature, The Royal Society of Chemistry."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005467903297","article-title":"Effects of four monoterpenes of germination, primary root growth, and mitochondrial respiration of maize","volume":"26","author":"Abraham","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-005-1339-8","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of allelopathic volatiles from mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris)","volume":"31","author":"Barney","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00989339","article-title":"Effect of some sesquiterpene lactones on the growth of certain secondary tropical species","volume":"4","author":"Anaya","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020881825669","article-title":"Essential oils as allelochemicals and their potential use as bioherbicides","volume":"25","author":"Dudai","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043174500093139","article-title":"Weed suppression with Brassica green manure crops in green pea","volume":"45","author":"Libbey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Weed Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1094\/Phyto-86-267","article-title":"Correlation of fungicidal activity of Brassica species with allyl isothiocyanate production in macerated leaf tissue","volume":"86","author":"Mayton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020895306588","article-title":"Variation in allyl isothiocyanate production within Brassica species and correlation with fungicidal activity","volume":"25","author":"Olivier","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOEC.0000006432.28041.82","article-title":"Volatile allelochemicals released by crucifer green manures","volume":"23","author":"Vaughn","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-005-0982-4","article-title":"Biofumigant compounds released by field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense) seed meal","volume":"31","author":"Vaughn","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2017.07.006","article-title":"Involvement of allelopathy in inhibition of understory growth in red pine forests","volume":"218","author":"Kimura","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-6664.2003.00112.x","article-title":"Factors affecting phytotoxic activity of allelochemicals in soil","volume":"4","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Weed Biol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02859885","article-title":"Implications of allelopathy in agricultural plant science","volume":"35","author":"Tukey","year":"1969","journal-title":"Bot. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01012198","article-title":"Allelopathic effects of Citrus aurantium L. I. Vegetational patterning","volume":"11","author":"Alsaadawi","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01020362","article-title":"Allelochemicals from Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats","volume":"13","author":"Bradow","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01880093","article-title":"Identification of volatile allelochemicals from Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats","volume":"13","author":"Connick","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"115","article-title":"Screening of allelopathic candidates by new specific discrimination, and assessment methods for allelopathy, and the identification of L-DOPA as the allelopathic substance from the most promising velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens)","volume":"10","author":"Fujii","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull. Natl. Inst. Agro-Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013662412506","article-title":"Application of hyphenated chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques to plant allelopathy research","volume":"27","author":"Haig","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-005-4256-y","article-title":"Allelopathic effects of volatile monoterpenoids produced by Salvia leucophylla: Inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis in the root apical meristem of Brassica campestris seedlings","volume":"31","author":"Nishida","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1444-6162.2003.00111.x","article-title":"Screening of 239 medicinal plant species for allelopathic activity using the sandwich method","volume":"3","author":"Fujii","year":"2003","journal-title":"Weed Biol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-6664.2011.00429.x","article-title":"Screening of 170 Peruvian plant species for allelopathic activity by using the Sandwich Method","volume":"12","author":"Morikawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Weed Biol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1445-6664.2002.00063.x","article-title":"Allelopathic activity of leaching from dry leaves and exudates from roots of groundcover plants assayed on agar","volume":"2","author":"Shiraishi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Weed Biol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s40626-014-0017-z","article-title":"Determination of allelopathic potential in some medicinal and wild plant species of Iran by dish pack method","volume":"26","author":"Amini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theor. Exp. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Fujii, Y., Matsuyama, M., Hiradate, S., and Shimozawa, H. (2005, January 21\u201326). Dish Pack Method: A New Bioassay for volatile allelopathy. Proceedings of the Fourth World Congress on Allelopathy, New South Wales, Australia."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1007\/s00709-014-0739-4","article-title":"Screening and identification of phytotoxic volatile compounds in medicinal plants and characterizations of a selected compound, eucarvone","volume":"252","author":"Sunohara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-007-9374-2","article-title":"Antifungal effects of volatile compounds from black zira (Bunium percisum) and other spices and herbs","volume":"33","author":"Sekine","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3719\/weed.43.258","article-title":"Screening for allelopathic activity among weeds and medical plants using the \u201csandwich method\u201d","volume":"43","author":"Itani","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Weed Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)00264-8","article-title":"Allelochemicals of the tropical weed Sphenoclea zeylanica","volume":"55","author":"Hirai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.4236\/ajps.2013.45136","article-title":"Screening of the growth-inhibitory effects of 168 plant species against lettuce seedlings","volume":"4","author":"Takemura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Plant. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026274430898","article-title":"Effects of monoterpenoids, acting alone or in pairs, on seed germination and subsequent seedling growth","volume":"29","author":"Vokou","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00982309","article-title":"Just how insoluble are monoterpenes?","volume":"19","author":"Weidenhamer","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.3719\/weed.44.316","article-title":"Allelopathic activity and oxalate content in oxalate-rich plants","volume":"44","author":"Itani","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Weed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"128","article-title":"Plant growth-inhibiting substance contained in parsley plants","volume":"53","author":"Harada","year":"1984","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Crop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"130","article-title":"Plant growth-inhibiting substances contained in parsley seed oil","volume":"53","author":"Harada","year":"1984","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Crop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1126\/science.143.3605.471","article-title":"Volatile growth inhibitors produced by aromatic shrubs","volume":"143","author":"Muller","year":"1964","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00981917","article-title":"Assessment of allelopathic potential in Artemisia princeps var","volume":"18","author":"Yun","year":"1992","journal-title":"Orientalis Residues. J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.2503\/jjshs.71.411","article-title":"Evaluation of perilla (Perilla frutescens) aroma\u2013Analysis of volatile aromatic components in fresh perilla leaves by adsorptive column method","volume":"71","author":"Morinaka","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)90758-1","article-title":"Monoterpenes: Relationship between structure and inhibition of germination","volume":"7","author":"Asplund","year":"1968","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02059812","article-title":"In search of allelopathy in the Florida scrub: The role of terpenoids","volume":"20","author":"Fischer","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.2307\/1936312","article-title":"Toxic terpenes from Artemisia californica","volume":"56","author":"Halligan","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005414216848","article-title":"Allelopathic effects of volatile cineoles on two weedy plants species","volume":"26","author":"Romagni","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, G., Mishyna, M., Appiah, K.S., Yamada, M., Takano, A., Prokhorov, V., and Fujii, Y. (2019). Screening for plant volatile emissions with allelopathic activity and the identification of L-Fenchone and 1,8-cineole from anise (Illicium verum) leaves. Plants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8110457"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Fujii, Y., and Hiradate, S. (2005, January 21\u201326). A critical survey of allelochemicals in action\u2014The importance of total activity and the weed suppression equation. Proceedings of the Fourth World Congress on Allelopathy, New South Wales, Australia."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Rimando, A.M., and Duke, S.O. (2006). Isolation strategies for finding bioactive compounds: Specific activity vs. total activity. Natural Products for Pest Management in ACS Symposium Series 927, ACS Publications."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2004.01.010","article-title":"Phytotoxic cis-cinnamoyl glucosides from Spiraea thunbergii","volume":"65","author":"Hiradate","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Finney, D.J. (1971). Probit Analysis, Cambridge University Press."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/9\/2\/264\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:58:41Z","timestamp":1760173121000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/9\/2\/264"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["plants9020264"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants9020264","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]]}}}