{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T13:06:49Z","timestamp":1768050409212,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]],"date-time":"2020-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001501","name":"University Grants Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201213-MANF-2012-13-MUS-UTT-14306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201213-MANF-2012-13-MUS-UTT-14306"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001501","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSP-2019\/116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP-2019\/116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study was designed to explore the neuroprotective properties of Aconitum napellus (Ranunculaceae). The plant detoxification was done using either water, or cow or goat milk as per the Ayurvedic shodhana method. The evaluation of the neuroprotective role of A. napellus was performed on diabetic neuropathy induced by streptozotocin in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Body mass, blood sugar level, oral glucose tolerance test, hyperalgesia, cold allodynia, motor co-ordination test, and locomotor activity, oxidative biomarkers (TBARS, reduced glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase) and sciatic nerve histomorphology were assessed. The in vitro studies were done on human neuroblastoma cell line SHSY-5Y and used an MTT assay to assess the antiproliferative activity of different extracts. Results suggest that the goat milk treated chloroform extract has less percentage of aconitine. After administration of the detoxified chloroform extract to the diabetic animals, there was a significant improvement in the myelination and degenerative changes of the nerve fibers along with behavioral changes (p &lt; 0.05 as compared with diabetic control group). The findings of the in vitro research show an effective neuroprotective role of A. napellus. This suggests that A. napellus should be further investigated for its effect in diabetic pathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9030356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T08:58:59Z","timestamp":1584089939000},"page":"356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["RETRACTED: Neuroprotective Effects of Dried Tubers of Aconitum napellus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6562-8945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ambreen","family":"Shoaib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hefazat","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Dixit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, King George Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sahabjada","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Era\u2019s Lucknow Medical College &amp; Hospital, Era University, Lucknow 226003, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Badrud","family":"Deen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6125-3309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andleeb","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salman","family":"Alrokayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haseeb","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2734-4180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parvaiz","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saudi University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabana, Y.M., Al-Suede, F.S., Ahamed, M.B., Dahham, S.S., Hassan, L.E., Khalilpour, S., Taleb-Agha, M., Sandai, D., Majid, A.S., and Majid, A.M. (2016). Cat\u2019s whiskers (Orthosiphon stamineus) tea modulates arthritis pathogenesis via the angiogenesis and inflammatory cascade. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1467-4"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"449","article-title":"Current Pharmacotherapeutics approaches to treat diabetic neuropathy","volume":"8","author":"Shoaib","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-016-0369-6","article-title":"Oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and incidence of type 2 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Odegaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.06.006","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of Ligustrum vulgare leaf extract on the development of neuropathic pain in a streptozotocin-induced rat model of diabetes","volume":"49","author":"Czerwinska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8520.100295","article-title":"Drug discovery from plant sources: An integrated approach","volume":"33","author":"Katiyar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ayu"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627375","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/627375","article-title":"New Perspectives on How to Discover Drugs from Herbal Medicines: CAM\u2019s Outstanding Contribution to Modern Therapeutics","volume":"2013","author":"Pan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.07.031","article-title":"Aconitum in traditional Chinese medicine: A valuable drug or an unpredictable risk?","volume":"126","author":"Singhuber","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"759","article-title":"The impact of herbal medicines on dermatologic surgery","volume":"27","author":"Chang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Derm. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"39","article-title":"A short note on contraceptive in Ayurveda","volume":"2","author":"Venkataraghavan","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Sci. Res. Pl. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1990.tb126164.x","article-title":"Aconite poisoning","volume":"153","author":"Kelly","year":"1990","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Prajapati, N.D., and Kumar, U. (2003). Agro\u2019s Dictionary of Medicinal Plants, Agrobios. Available online: https:\/\/content.kopykitab.com\/ebooks\/2014\/04\/3140\/sample\/sample_3140.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"108","article-title":"Aconitum Napellus: Detoxification and Acute Toxicity Investigation Followed by Sub-Acute Toxicity and Bioavailability Assessment of Highest and Lowest LD50 Extract","volume":"9","author":"Shoaib","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Act. Prod. Nat."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"95","article-title":"The effect of Modified Mahuangfuzixixin treating arthralgia on 50 Cases","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"China Mod. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(03)00071-6","article-title":"Neuroprotection in ophthalmology: A review","volume":"62","author":"Barkana","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.128272","article-title":"Expression of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in models of diabetic neuropathy","volume":"323","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118472","article-title":"Modulation of basal nitric oxide-dependent cyclic-GMP production by ambient glucose, myo-inositol, and protein kinase C in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells","volume":"97","author":"Shindo","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cure of human diabetic neuropathy by HPLC validated bark extract of Onosma echioides L. root","volume":"33","author":"Shoaib","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.5455\/spatula.20111220112858","article-title":"A review of aconite (Vatsanabha) usage in Ayurvedic formulations: Traditional views and their references","volume":"1","author":"Rastogi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spatula DD"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-153X-7-169","article-title":"A comparative study on the traditional Indian Shodhana and Chinese processing methods for aconite roots by characterization and determination of the major components","volume":"7","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-019-2043-7","article-title":"Antidiabetic activity of standardized dried tubers extract of Aconitum napellus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"10","author":"Shoaib","year":"2020","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubey, N., Dubey, N., and Mehta, R. (2012). Development and Validation of Selective High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method Using Photodiode Array Detection for Estimation of Aconitine in Polyherbal Ayurvedic Taila Preparations. Chromatogr. Res. Int., 2012.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/157916"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.300.6719.230","article-title":"Analysis of serial measurements in medical research","volume":"300","author":"Matthews","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2008_3087","article-title":"In vitro alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase enzyme inhibitory effects of Andrographis paniculata extract and andrographolide","volume":"55","author":"Subramanian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2006.03.006","article-title":"Curcumin attenuates thermal hyperalgesia in a diabetic mouse model of neuropathic pain","volume":"536","author":"Sharma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"FF11","article-title":"Effect of gabapentin and pregabalin in rat model of taxol induced neuropathic pain","volume":"9","author":"Mangaiarkkarasi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res. JCDR"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142301.ns0812s15","article-title":"Motor coordination and balance in rodents","volume":"15","author":"Carter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12283","article-title":"Contribution of serotonin and dopamine to changes in core body temperature and locomotor activity in rats following repeated administration of mephedrone","volume":"21","author":"Shortall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90738-3","article-title":"Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction","volume":"95","author":"Ohkawa","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(68)90092-4","article-title":"Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman\u2019s reagent","volume":"25","author":"Sedlak","year":"1968","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05016-3","article-title":"Catalase in vitro","volume":"105","author":"Aebi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Methods Enzym."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03714.x","article-title":"Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase","volume":"47","author":"Marklund","year":"1974","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12195","article-title":"Cissus quadrangularis Linn exerts dose-dependent biphasic effects: Osteogenic and anti-proliferative, through modulating ROS, cell cycle and Runx2 gene expression in primary rat osteoblasts","volume":"48","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1212\/01.CON.0000411568.34085.3e","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathy","volume":"18","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Contin. Lifelong Learn. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3126\/njst.v12i0.6496","article-title":"Phytochemicals, traditional uses and processing of Aconitum species in Nepal","volume":"12","author":"Shyaula","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nepal J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.120513","article-title":"Onosma L.: A review of phytochemistry and ethnopharmacology","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, J., Tan, P., Li, Z., Wu, Y., Li, C., Wang, Y., Wang, B., Zhao, S., and Liu, Y. (2014). Fuzi attenuates diabetic neuropathy in rats and protects schwann cells from apoptosis induced by high glucose. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086539"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020.2017.1319820","article-title":"Selective dual cholinesterase inhibitors from Aconitum leave","volume":"20","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.11594\/jtls.05.01.06","article-title":"Diabetic Blood Glucose Level Profile with Stratified Dose Streptozotocin (SD-STZ) and Multi Low Dose Streptozotocin (MLD-STZ) Induction Methods","volume":"5","author":"Hikmah","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trop. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.26.1100","article-title":"Antidiabetic effects of chitosan oligosaccharides in neonatal streptozotocin-induced noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in rats","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1983-x","article-title":"Protective effects of methanolic extract of Juglans regia L. leaf on streptozotocin-induced diabetic peripheral neuropathy in rats","volume":"17","author":"Nasiry","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2007.04.016","article-title":"Preventive and curative effect of edaravone on nerve functions and oxidative stress in experimental diabetic neuropathy","volume":"568","author":"Saini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(98)00239-5","article-title":"Gabapentin and pregabalin, but not morphine and amitriptyline, block both static and dynamic components of mechanical allodynia induced by streptozocin in the rat","volume":"80","author":"Field","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"35","article-title":"Pregabalin in the Management of Painful Diabetic Neuropathy: A Narrative Review","volume":"10","author":"Azmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muthuraman, A., and Singh, N. (2011). Attenuating effect of Acorus calamus extract in chronic constriction injury induced neuropathic pain in rats: An evidence of anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and calcium inhibitory effects. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-11-24"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"273","article-title":"Amelioration of experimental diabetic neuropathy and gastropathy in rats following oral administration of plant (Eugenia jambolana, Mucurna pruriens and Tinospora cordifolia) extracts","volume":"40","author":"Grover","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.169579","article-title":"An evaluation of the protective role of Ficus racemosa Linn. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy with neurodegeneration","volume":"47","author":"Solanki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208784139774","article-title":"Role of advanced glycation end products in diabetic neuropathy","volume":"14","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(02)50076-3","article-title":"Apoptosis in diabetic neuropathy","volume":"50","author":"Tolkovsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.05.159","article-title":"Reduced cell replication and induction of apoptosis by advanced glycation end products in rat Schwann cells","volume":"320","author":"Sekido","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/plants11010080","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]],"date-time":"2020-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583884800000}},{"DOI":"10.3390\/plants14243734","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]],"date-time":"2020-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583884800000}},{"DOI":"10.3390\/plants11010080","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"retraction-watch","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640563200000},"record-id":"68529"},{"DOI":"10.3390\/plants14243734","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"retraction-watch","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765065600000},"record-id":"68530"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/9\/3\/356\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T09:45:26Z","timestamp":1765187126000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/9\/3\/356"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["plants9030356"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants9030356","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]]}}}