{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:18:41Z","timestamp":1788826721196,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]],"date-time":"2020-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG-1440-016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-1440-016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Essential oils (EOs) have been described as promising eco-friendly secondary products of aromatic plants with several biological activities. The present study aimed to characterize the chemical composition and explore phytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of Teucrium polium and Thymus decussatus EOs extracted using hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) methods. Twenty-seven and twenty-eight compounds were identified from HD and MAE extracted EOs of T. polium, respectively. The oxygenated sesquiterpenes (57.68%) were characterized as the main components of the hydrodistilled EO with a prominence of 6-epi-shyobunol (33.00%), while sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (54.48%) were the main components of the MAE method, with a prominence of delta-cadinene (25.13%). Eighteen and nineteen compounds, were characterized in T. decussatus EOs extracted using HD and MAE methods, respectively, and oxygenated monoterpenes represented the main components of both EOs with carvacrol (94.40% and 75.91%, respectively) as the main compound. The EOs extracted using the MAE method were slightly more phytotoxic than those extracted using the HD method. The T. decussatus EO extracted using the MAE method showed a higher inhibitory effect than T. polium by 16-, 32-, and 24-fold, regarding seed germination, shoot, and root growth of lettuce, respectively. Moreover, EOs extracted by HD method showed a similar pattern with 16-, 28-, and 14-fold effects. Both T. decussatus EOs exhibited potent inhibitory effect against all tested bacteria with an inhibition zone of 34\u201339 mm and the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.49, 0.98, and 1.95 \u03bcg\/mL against Aspergillus niger, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. However, the EOs of T. polium showed weak antibacterial activity and no antifungal effect. Further studies are needed for the characterization of bioactive major compounds, either singular or synergistic, at field scale and to determine their modes of action and safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9060716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T03:32:21Z","timestamp":1591327941000},"page":"716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Phytotoxic and Antimicrobial Activities of Teucrium polium and Thymus decussatus Essential Oils Extracted Using Hydrodistillation and Microwave-Assisted Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Saleh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5903-6329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abd-ElGawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Production Department, College of Food &amp; Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2435-7448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abd El-Nasser","family":"El Gendy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer","family":"Abd El Aty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, P.O. Box 1803, Hafr Al Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Chemistry of Natural &amp; Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1639-3518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarik","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9327-3283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazem","family":"Kassem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Extension and Rural Society Dept., College of Food &amp; Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahd","family":"Aldosri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Extension and Rural Society Dept., College of Food &amp; Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3302-3623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelsamed","family":"Elshamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan"},{"name":"Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0343-4969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed-Elamir F.","family":"Hegazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Zahran, M.A., and Willis, A.J. (2008). The Vegetation of Egypt, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.10.041","article-title":"Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants used in the treatment of CNS disorders in Sinai Peninsula, Egypt","volume":"151","author":"Eissa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Boulos, L. (2009). Flora of Egypt Checklist, Al-Hadara Publishing."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Batanouny, K.H., Aboutabl, E., and Shabana, M.F.S. (1999). Wild Medicinal Plants in Egypt. An Inventory to Support Conservation and Sustainable Use, The Palm Press."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900051","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201900051","article-title":"Chemical characterization of Euphorbia heterophylla L. essential oils and their antioxidant activity and allelopathic potential on Cenchrus echinatus L.","volume":"16","author":"Elshamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd El-Gawad, A.M., Elshamy, A.I., El Gendy, A.E.-N., Gaara, A., and Assaeed, A.M. (2019). Volatiles profiling, allelopathic activity, and antioxidant potentiality of Xanthium strumarium leaves essential oil from Egypt: Evidence from chemometrics analysis. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24030584"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assaeed, A., Elshamy, A., El Gendy, A.E.-N., Dar, B., Al-Rowaily, S., and Abd-ElGawad, A. (2020). Sesquiterpenes-rich essential oil from above ground parts of Pulicaria somalensis exhibited antioxidant activity and allelopathic effect on weeds. Agronomy, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10030399"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900278","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201900278","article-title":"Preponderance of oxygenated sesquiterpenes and diterpenes in the volatile oil constituents of Lactuca serriola L. revealed antioxidant and allelopathic activity","volume":"16","author":"Elshamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.3512","article-title":"Interspecific variation, antioxidant and allelopathic activity of the essential oil from three Launaea species growing naturally in heterogeneous habitats in Egypt","volume":"34","author":"Elshamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd-ElGawad, A.M., Elshamy, A., Al-Rowaily, S., and El-Amier, Y.A. (2019). Habitat affects the chemical profile, allelopathy, and antioxidant properties of essential oils and phenolic enriched extracts of the invasive plant Heliotropium Curassavicum. Plants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8110482"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, W., Liu, K., Cao, S., Sun, J., Zhong, B., and Chun, J. (2020). Chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties of grapefruit essential oil prepared by molecular distillation. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25010217"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112272","article-title":"Essential oil and its nanoemulsion of Araucaria heterophylla resin: Chemical characterization, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activities","volume":"148","author":"Elshamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.07.064","article-title":"Chemical characterization, toxicology and mechanism of gastric antiulcer action of essential oil from Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms in the in vitro and in vivo experimental models","volume":"94","author":"Arunachalam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2018.1512907","article-title":"Composition and hepatoprotective activity of essential oils from Ethiopian thyme species (Thymus serrulatus and Thymus schimperi)","volume":"31","author":"Damtie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Heywood, V.H., Brummitt, R., Culham, A., and Seberg, O. (2007). Flowering Plant Families of the World, Firefly Books."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"2275","article-title":"Labiatae","volume":"Volume 7","author":"Kubitzki","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"478","article-title":"Teucrium polium: Liver and kidney effects","volume":"19","author":"Nasri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Res. Med Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"123","article-title":"Study of the protective effect of Teucrium polium L. extract on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice","volume":"12","author":"Forouzandeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Review on Teucrium polium biological activities and medical characteristics against different pathologic situations","volume":"4","author":"Khazaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Med Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.01.010","article-title":"A new natural neo-clerodane from Teucrium polium L. collected in Northern Iran","volume":"97","author":"Venditti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1021\/np5004092","article-title":"Teucrium polium phenylethanol and iridoid glycoside characterization and flavonoid inhibition of biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"78","author":"Elmasri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2014.1000320","article-title":"Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of methanolic extract and essential oil of Iranian Teucrium polium against some of phytobacteria","volume":"29","author":"Purnavab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298-017-0444-9","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of essential oil and aqueous and ethanol extracts of Teucrium polium L. subsp. gabesianum (LH) from Tunisia","volume":"23","author":"Ncibi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2015-0234","article-title":"Volatile oil profile of some lamiaceous plants growing in Saudi Arabia and their biological activities","volume":"72","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Z. F\u00fcr Nat. C"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900254","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201900254","article-title":"Traditional uses, chemical constituents and biological activities of plants from the genus Thymus","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"146","article-title":"Chemical composition and biological studies of the essential oil of Thymus decussatus Benth growing in Egypt","volume":"23","year":"2007","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"19","article-title":"Hepatoprotective and antioxidative activities of the essential oils of Origanum syriacum (L.), Thymus decussatus (Benth) and Salvia multicaulis (Vahl Enum.)","volume":"4","author":"Ehsan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Arab Soc. Med Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.3525","article-title":"Comparative chemical study and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of three Artemisia species from Egypt and Saudi Arabia","volume":"34","author":"Amin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2014.03.029","article-title":"Biofilm blocking sesquiterpenes from Teucrium polium","volume":"103","author":"Elmasri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1080\/14786410802685398","article-title":"A crystal lapiferin derived from Ferula vesceritensis induces apoptosis pathway in MCF-7 breast cancer cells","volume":"24","author":"Hegazy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800392","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201800392","article-title":"Essential oil composition, antioxidant and allelopathic activities of Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Delile","volume":"15","author":"Bonanomi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"155","article-title":"Chemical constituents of Euphorbia sanctae-catharinae Fayed essential oil: A comparative study of hydro-distillation and microwave-assisted extraction","volume":"1","author":"Reda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2006.9699398","article-title":"Composition of the essential oil from Jordanian germander (Teucrium polium L.)","volume":"18","author":"Aburjai","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.1463","article-title":"Chemical composition of essential oil of Teucrium polium subsp. capitatum (L.) from Corsica","volume":"20","author":"Cozzani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2007.9699227","article-title":"Analysis of the essential oil of Teucrium polium ssp. aurasiacum from Algeria","volume":"19","author":"Kabouche","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"697","article-title":"Chemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of Teucrium polium L. essential oil from eastern Algeria","volume":"2","author":"Lograda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Adv. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2014.935065","article-title":"Biological activities of essential oils and ethanol extracts of Teucrium polium subsp. capitatum (L.) Briq. and Origanum floribundum Munby","volume":"18","author":"Kerbouche","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2001.9699649","article-title":"Composition of the essential oils of seven Teucrium species from Serbia and Montenegro","volume":"13","author":"Kovacevic","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2015.1082947","article-title":"Essential oil composition of Teucrium polium L. fruits","volume":"28","author":"Sabzeghabaie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijat.2005.03.006","article-title":"Comparative antibacterial activity of five Lamiaceae essential oils from Algeria","volume":"15","author":"Kabouche","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Aromather."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2014.01.015","article-title":"Variability in essential oil of Teucrium polium L. of different latitudinal populations","volume":"54","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1969","article-title":"Chemical composition and phytotoxic effects of essential oils from four Teucrium species","volume":"5","author":"Formisano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.12.067","article-title":"Phytochemical composition, anti-inflammatory and antitumour activities of four Teucrium essential oils from Greece","volume":"115","author":"Menichini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"83","article-title":"Analysis of the Essential oil of Teucrium polium ssp. capitatum from the Balkan Peninsula","volume":"7","author":"Zlatkovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Boulos, L. (2002). Flora of Egypt, Vol. III (Verbenaceae\u2014Compositae), Al-Hadara Publishing."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, X., Ge, D., Li, S., Huang, K., Liu, J., and Li, F. (2019). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of Artemisia argyi L\u00e9vl. et Vant essential oils extracted by simultaneous distillation-extraction, subcritical extraction and hydrodistillation. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24030483"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"160","article-title":"Influence of two extraction methods on essential oils of some Apiaceae family plants","volume":"18","author":"Mohammed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt. Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4614","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14114614","article-title":"Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from two species of Thymus growing wild in southern Italy","volume":"14","author":"Bruno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2008.04.048","article-title":"Antifungal, phytotoxic and insecticidal properties of essential oil isolated from Turkish Origanum acutidens and its three components, carvacrol, thymol and p-cymene","volume":"99","author":"Kordali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1080\/14786411003754280","article-title":"Essential oil analysis and phytotoxic activity of two ecotypes of Zataria multiflora Boiss. growing in Iran","volume":"24","author":"Saharkhiz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"259","article-title":"Phytotoxic and cytotoxic effects of Eucalyptus essential oil on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)","volume":"35","author":"Palmieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allelopath. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2016.1209132","article-title":"Secondary metabolites and bioactivities of Thymbra spicata var. spicata in Amanos mountains","volume":"19","author":"Ulukanli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2017.1327824","article-title":"Antimicrobial and herbicidal activities of the essential oil from the Mediterranean Thymus eigii","volume":"21","author":"Ulukanli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2014.884946","article-title":"Essential oil compositions and natural herbicide activity of four Denaei Thyme (Thymus daenensis Celak.) ecotypes","volume":"17","author":"Kashkooli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8981","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b03049","article-title":"Phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity of essential oil from leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus, carvacrol, and thymol in plant bioassays","volume":"63","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4309","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15064309","article-title":"Phytotoxic activities of Mediterranean essential oils","volume":"15","author":"Frei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bse.2009.06.003","article-title":"Phytotoxic effects of Lantana camara, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eriocephalus africanus essential oils in weeds of Mediterranean summer crops","volume":"37","author":"Verdeguer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Syst. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/01448765.2013.830275","article-title":"Allelopathic potential of essential oils from four Satureja spp.","volume":"29","author":"Taban","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Agric. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2006.01938.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol related to its chemical structure","volume":"43","author":"Combes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.2002.01209.x","article-title":"Carvacrol and cinnamic acid inhibit microbial growth in fresh-cut melon and kiwifruit at 4 and 8 \u00b0C","volume":"35","author":"Roller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"897","article-title":"Chemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of Teucrium polium L. essential oil from Western Algeria","volume":"7","author":"Belmekki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00165","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and carvacrol, and synergy of carvacrol and erythromycin, against clinical, erythromycin-resistant Group A Streptococci","volume":"6","author":"Magi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eusepi, P., Marinelli, L., Garc\u00eda-Vill\u00e9n, F., Borrego-S\u00e1nchez, A., Cacciatore, I., Di Stefano, A., and Viseras, C. (2020). Carvacrol prodrugs with antimicrobial activity loaded on clay nanocomposites. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13071793"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1177\/1082013213514593","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of nisin, thymol, carvacrol and cymene against growth of Candida lusitaniae","volume":"21","author":"Aznar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.10.054","article-title":"Chemical constituents, antioxidant and potential allelopathic effect of the essential oil from the aerial parts of Cullen plicata","volume":"80","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prabuseenivasan, S., Jayakumar, M., and Ignacimuthu, S. (2006). In vitro antibacterial activity of some plant essential oils. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-6-39"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-67.6.1252","article-title":"In vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oils from aromatic plants against selected foodborne pathogens","volume":"67","author":"Rota","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Legendre, P., and Legendre, L.F. (2012). Numerical Ecology, Elsevier."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/9\/6\/716\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:35:34Z","timestamp":1760175334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/9\/6\/716"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["plants9060716"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants9060716","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]]}}}