{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:32:24Z","timestamp":1784543544953,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Federal Appropriations under Project PEN04676 and Accession number 1017795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Federal Appropriations under Project PEN04676 and Accession number 1017795"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Secretariat of Higher Education of Ecuador (SENESCYT)","award":["Universidades de Excelencia"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Universidades de Excelencia"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The continued dispersal of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical race 4 (FocTR4), a quarantine soil-borne pathogen that kills banana, has placed this worldwide industry on alert and triggered enormous pressure on National Plant Protection (NPOs) agencies to limit new incursions. Accordingly, biosecurity plays an important role while long-term control strategies are developed. Aiming to strengthen the contingency response plan of Ecuador against FocTR4, a population biology study\u2014including phylogenetics, mating type, vegetative compatibility group (VCG), and pathogenicity testing\u2014was performed on isolates affecting local bananas, presumably associated with race 1 of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). Our results revealed that Foc populations in Ecuador comprise a single clonal lineage, associated with VCG0120. The lack of diversity observed in Foc populations is consistent with a single introduction event from which secondary outbreaks originated. The predominance of VCG0120, together with previous reports of its presence in Latin America countries, suggests this group as the main cause of the devastating Fusarium wilt epidemics that occurred in the 1950s associated to the demise of \u2018Gros Michel\u2019 bananas in the region. The isolates sampled from Ecuador caused disease in cultivars that are susceptible to races 1 and 2 under greenhouse experiments, although Fusarium wilt symptoms in the field were only found in \u2018Gros Michel\u2019. Isolates belonging to the same VCG0120 have historically caused disease on Cavendish cultivars in the subtropics. Overall, this study shows how Foc can be easily dispersed to other areas if restriction of contaminated materials is not well enforced. We highlight the need of major efforts on awareness and monitoring campaigns to analyze suspected cases and to contain potential first introduction events of FocTR4 in Ecuador.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9091133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T08:53:43Z","timestamp":1598950423000},"page":"1133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Genetic Diversity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, the Fusarium Wilt Pathogen of Banana, in Ecuador"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Freddy","family":"Magdama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica del Litoral, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 V\u00eda Perimetral, Guayaquil 09015863, Ecuador"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnol\u00f3gicas del Ecuador, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica del Litoral, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 V\u00eda Perimetral, Guayaquil E C090112, Ecuador"},{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Monserrate-Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnol\u00f3gicas del Ecuador, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica del Litoral, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 V\u00eda Perimetral, Guayaquil E C090112, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizette","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnol\u00f3gicas del Ecuador, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica del Litoral, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 V\u00eda Perimetral, Guayaquil E C090112, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Garc\u00eda Onofre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnol\u00f3gicas del Ecuador, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica del Litoral, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 V\u00eda Perimetral, Guayaquil E C090112, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7329-0211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda del Mar","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Gasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campos, H., and Caligari, P.D.S. 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