{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:30:55Z","timestamp":1773016255160,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]],"date-time":"2019-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adhesion of cords to elastomers is crucial for many elastomeric products, such as tires and V-belts. The best adhesion system so far is based on a combination of resorcinol, formaldehyde, and a latex (RFL). However, this cord treatment has serious disadvantages in terms of processing and toxicity. A promising alternative is a plasma treatment of the cords prior to be embedded in the elastomer. For rayon cords, a plasma polymerization of sulfur-containing precursors results in adhesion levels close to RFL treatment. However, for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) cords, this treatment is not satisfactory. For this type of cords, a water-plasma activation followed by a silane dip is more promising, as 72% of the adhesion level of RFL treatment could be achieved. For rayon, an even higher adhesion level was realized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11040577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]],"date-time":"2019-03-29T13:09:58Z","timestamp":1553864998000},"page":"577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A Novel Approach of Promoting Adhesion of Reinforcing Cord to Elastomers by Plasma Polymerization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2606-4534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilma","family":"Dierkes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Twente, Dept. of Mechanics of Solids, Surfaces and Systems, Chair of Elastomer Technology and Engineering, P.O. Box 217, NL-7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Twente, Dept. of Mechanics of Solids, Surfaces and Systems, Chair of Elastomer Technology and Engineering, P.O. Box 217, NL-7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Apollo Tyres Global R&amp;D B.V., Ingenieur Schiffstraat 370, NL-7547 RD Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1478-9896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques","family":"Noordermeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Twente, Dept. of Mechanics of Solids, Surfaces and Systems, Chair of Elastomer Technology and Engineering, P.O. Box 217, NL-7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anke","family":"Blume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Twente, Dept. of Mechanics of Solids, Surfaces and Systems, Chair of Elastomer Technology and Engineering, P.O. Box 217, NL-7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Charch, W.H., Buffalo, N.Y., and Maney, D.B. (1938). Laminated Structure and Method for Preparing Same. (No2128635), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3548180","article-title":"Mechanistic investigations into the Adhesion between RFL-treated cords and rubber. Part I: The influence of rubber curatives","volume":"80","author":"Wennekes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3548181","article-title":"Mechanistic investigations into the Adhesion between RFL-treated cords and rubber. Part II: The influence of the Vinyl-Pyridine Content of the RFL-latex","volume":"80","author":"Wennekes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3548218","article-title":"Fiber adhesion to rubber compounds","volume":"81","author":"Wennekes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Bekaert, Cordenka, and Kordsa (2015, January 10\u201312). Introduction to tire reinforcement materials. Reader provided for a course given at the Tire Technology Conference, Tyre Technology Expo, Cologne, Germany."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pocius, A.V. (2012). Adhesion and Adhesives Technology, Hanser Publishers.","DOI":"10.3139\/9783446431775.fm"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Franta, I. (1989). Elastomers and Rubber Compounding Materials, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shishoo, R. (2008). Textile Advances in the Automotive Industry, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845695040"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1177\/0892705711412816","article-title":"Composites of recycled PET reinforced with short glass fiber","volume":"25","author":"Mondadori","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Wootton, D.B. (2001). The Application of Textiles in Rubber, Rapra Technology LTD."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2012). Formaldehyde Registration Dossier, European Chemicals Agency, ECHA."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Cevahir, N.N., Acar, A.E., and Bas, S. (2014). A Dipping Material for Cord Fabrics and a Production Method Thereof. (WO2014091376 A1), Patent."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Solomon, T.S. (1989). Two-Step Process for Dipping Textile Cord or Fabric and Resorcinol\/Formaldehyde-Free Composition Used Therein. (CA1249386 A1), Patent."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Bas, S., and Ergun, B. (2014). A Method for Producing Fiber Reinforced Rubber Comprising Unsaturated Bonds. (WO2014020570 A2), Patent."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Lawton, E. (1974). Bonding of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Induced by Low-Temperature Plasmas. (No. 3,853,657), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Sharma Satish, C. (1984). Adhesion of Aramid Cords to Rubber. (No. 4,469,748A), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Shuttleworth, D., and Mowdood, S.K. (1991). Process for the Surface Treatment of Polymers for Reinforcement-to-Rubber Adhesion. (No. 5,053,246A), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Shuttleworth, D., and Mowdood, S.K. (1994). Process for the Surface Treatment of Polymers for Reinforcement-to-Rubber Adhesion. (No. 5,283,119A), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Morin, B.G., and Maria, M.D.F. (2000). Vinyl Compound Plasma Pre-Treatment for Promoting the Adhesion between Textiles and Rubber Compounds. (No. 6,096,156A), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Parker, D.K., and Shuttleworth, D. (1996). Process to Produce Reinforced Tire Cords with Plasma Treated Fibers Incorporated into a Rubber\/Blocked Isocyanate Composition. (No. 5,501,880A), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Rodewald, S., and Siffer, F.G.A. (2011). Plasmapolymerisierungsd\u00fcse, Luftplasmasystem damit und Verfahren zur Abscheidung eines Polymermaterials. (EP2326152 A2), Patent."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Siffer, F.G.A., and Gillick, J.G. (2011). Atmospheric Plasma Treatment of Reinforcement Cords and Use in Rubber Articles. (No. 20,110,241,269 A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Siffer, F.G.A., and Gillick, J.G. (2014). Atmospheric Plasma Treatment of Reinforcement Cords and Use in Rubber Articles. (EP2716695 A1), Patent."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Siffer, F.G.A., Hebelman, J.B., Gillick, J.G., Gersman, M.L., Chandra, D., Qu, D., Botts, B.P., Vangeneugden, D.L., Verheyde, B., and Van Hoof, E.C.M. (2018). Atmospheric Plasma Treatment of Reinforcement Cords and Use in Rubber Articles. (No. 2018294070 A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Ueno, K., and Sugimotot, H. (1986). Method for Treating Fibers. (No. 4,606,930A), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"662","article-title":"Surface modification of PET by two different types of plasma reactors","volume":"57","author":"Krump","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Janypka, P., and Suriova, V. (2006). Method of Treatment of Textile Reinforcing Materials to Increase Their Adhesion to Rubber Compound. (WO2006135347 A1), Patent."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Mihalik, P., and Suriova, V. (2006). Device for Manufacturing Rubberized Fabric Cord, Suitable to Be Used as Wound Overlapping Breaker. (WO2006088436 A1), Patent."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Tonon, C., and Grimberg, G. (1999). Process for Treating a Body of Stainless Steel so as to Promote Its Adherence to a Rubber Composition. (EP0738748 A1), Patent."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2019, February 07). Michelin. Available online: https:\/\/www.michelin.in\/auto\/home-auto\/innovation."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"10","article-title":"Reactivity of the sulfur chains of the tetrasulfane silane Si69 and the disulfane silane TESPD","volume":"53","author":"Luginsland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"525","article-title":"Investigations on the reaction silica\/organosilane and organosilane\/polymer-Part 2. Kinetic aspects of the silica-organosilane reaction","volume":"51","author":"Hunsche","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Louis, A., Noordermeer, J.W.M., Dierkes, W.K., and Blume, A. (2017, January 10\u201312). Plasma modification of polymeric single end cords as an alternative to RFL treatment. Proceedings of the Fall 192th Technical Meeting of the Rubber Division ACS, Cleveland, OH, USA."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/11\/4\/577\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:41:28Z","timestamp":1760186488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/11\/4\/577"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["polym11040577"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym11040577","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]]}}}