{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:12:50Z","timestamp":1790691170815,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cellulose is among the top 5 excipients used in the pharmaceutical industry. It has been considered one of the main diluents used in conventional and modern dosage forms. Therefore, different raw materials of plant origin have been evaluated as potential alternative sources of cellulose. In this context, Opuntia ficus-indica L. Miller (palma forrageira), a plant of the cactus family that has physiological mechanisms that provide greater productivity with reduced water requirements, is an interesting and unexplored alternative for extracting cellulose. By using this source, we aim to decrease the extraction stages and increase the yields, which might result in a decreased cost for the industry and consequently for the consumer. The aim of this work was to investigate the use of Opuntia ficus-indica L. Miller as a new source for cellulose extraction, therefore providing an efficient, straight forward and low-cost method of cellulose II production. The extraction method is based on the oxidation of the lignins. The obtained cellulose was identified and characterized by spectroscopic methods (FTIR and NMR), X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis (TGA-DTG and DSC) and scanning electron microscopy. The results confirmed the identity of cellulose and its fibrous nature, which are promising characteristics for its use in the industry and a reasonable substrate for chemical modifications for the synthesis of cellulose II derivatives with different physicochemical properties that might be used in the production of drug delivery systems and biomaterials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11071124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T12:11:17Z","timestamp":1562069477000},"page":"1124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Opuntia Ficus-Indica L. Miller (Palma Forrageira) as an Alternative Source of Cellulose for Production of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Biomaterials: Extraction and Characterization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Amaro C\u00e9sar Lima","family":"de Assis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Para\u00edba, Campina Grande 58429-500\u2014PB, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Development and Characterization of Pharmaceutical Products, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Para\u00edba, Campina Grande 58429-500\u2014PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa Pereira","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Para\u00edba, Campina Grande 58429-500\u2014PB, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Development and Characterization of Pharmaceutical Products, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Para\u00edba, Campina Grande 58429-500\u2014PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo Tavares","family":"Malheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Para\u00edba, Campina Grande 58429-500\u2014PB, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Development and Characterization of Pharmaceutical Products, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Para\u00edba, Campina Grande 58429-500\u2014PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alana Rafaela Albuquerque","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Para\u00edba, Campina Grande 58429-500\u2014PB, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Development and Characterization of Pharmaceutical Products, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Para\u00edba, Campina Grande 58429-500\u2014PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edv\u00e2nia Emannuelle","family":"Pinheiro-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Development and Characterization of Pharmaceutical Products, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Para\u00edba, Campina Grande 58429-500\u2014PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Pereira","family":"de Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program of Biotechnology, Laureate International Universities\u2014Universidade Potiguar, Natal 59056-000\u2014RN, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7734-6857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harley da","family":"Silva Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Para\u00edba, Campina Grande 58429-500\u2014PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7247-1598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Augusto","family":"Oshiro-Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Para\u00edba, Campina Grande 58429-500\u2014PB, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Development and Characterization of Pharmaceutical Products, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Para\u00edba, Campina Grande 58429-500\u2014PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0747-0297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bol\u00edvar Ponciano Goulart de Lima","family":"Damasceno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Para\u00edba, Campina Grande 58429-500\u2014PB, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Development and Characterization of Pharmaceutical Products, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Para\u00edba, Campina Grande 58429-500\u2014PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2006.03.002","article-title":"Polymer blends and composites from renewable resources","volume":"31","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. 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