{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T10:50:10Z","timestamp":1770547810648,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Organic zinc salts and complexes were applied as activators for sulfur vulcanization of styrene\u2013butadiene elastomer (SBR) in order to reduce the content of zinc ions in rubber compounds as compared with conventionally used zinc oxide. In this article, the effects of different organic zinc activators on the curing characteristics, crosslink densities, and mechanical properties of SBR as well as the aging resistance and thermal behavior of vulcanizates are discussed. Organic zinc salts seem to be good substitutes for zinc oxide as activators for sulfur vulcanization of SBR rubber, without detrimental effects to the vulcanization time and temperature. Moreover, vulcanizates containing organic zinc salts exhibit higher tensile strength and better damping properties than vulcanizate crosslinked with zinc oxide. The application of organic zinc activators allows the amount of zinc ions in SBR compounds to be reduced by 70\u201390 wt % compared to vulcanizate with zinc oxide. This is very important for ecological reasons, since zinc oxide is classified as being toxic to aquatic species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11101723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T11:37:55Z","timestamp":1571657875000},"page":"1723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Organic Zinc Salts as Pro-Ecological Activators for Sulfur Vulcanization of Styrene\u2013Butadiene Rubber"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7110-290X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Maciejewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 12\/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0963-9973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Sowi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 12\/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judyta","family":"Kucharska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 12\/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1002\/app.21364","article-title":"Influence of zinc oxide during different stages of sulfur vulcanization. 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