{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T22:25:53Z","timestamp":1766269553271,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]],"date-time":"2019-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"POIROT with CUP code B89J17000370008 supported by the MISE (Ministry of Economic Development) of Italy within the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program.","award":["B89J17000370008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B89J17000370008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Following the innovative research activity carried out in the framework of the POIROT (Italian acronym of dOmotic Platform for Inertization and tRaceability of Organic wasTe) Project, this work aims to optimize the composition of the blends between the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and formaldehyde-based resins, in order to improve the durability properties. To this aim, in this work, commercial urea-formaldehyde and melamine-formaldehyde powder polymers have been proposed for the inertization of the OFMSW, according to the previous optimized OFMSW-transformation process. A preliminary study about the mechanical properties of the composite panels produced with the different resins was carried out by evaluating compressive, flexural, and tensile performances of the panels. Artificial weathering by cyclic (heating\u2013cooling) and boiling tests were carried out and the mechanical properties were evaluated in order to assess the resistance of the panels to water and humidity. The melamine-formaldehyde based resin had the best performances also when subjected to the weathering tests and despite the higher content of resin in the composites, the panels produced with melamine-formaldehyde have the lowest values of release of formaldehyde minimizing their potential hazard level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11111838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]],"date-time":"2019-11-08T11:30:19Z","timestamp":1573212619000},"page":"1838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Durability Analysis of Formaldehyde\/Solid Urban Waste Blends"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Striani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4058-4042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Visconti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3056-1162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carola","family":"Esposito Corcione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0621-622X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito Corcione, C., Ferrari, F., Striani, R., Minosi, S., Pollini, M., Paladini, F., Panico, A., and Greco, A. (2019). An innovative green process for the stabilization and valorizationof organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) I part. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201909.0284.v1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito Corcione, C., Ferrari, F., Striani, R., Minosi, S., Pollini, M., Paladini, F., Panico, A., and Greco, A. (2019). An innovative green process for the stabilization and valorization of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) II part: Optimization of the curing process. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201909.0284.v1"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Ferrari, F., Striani, R., Minosi, S., De Fazio, R., Visconti, P., Patrono, L., Catarinucci, L., and Esposito Corcione, C. An innovative IoT-oriented prototype platform for the management and valorization of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Submitt. J. Clean. Prod., under review."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"8496","article-title":"Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesive Resins","volume":"128","author":"Conner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Polym. Mater. Encycl."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.18178\/ijfe.4.1.71-75","article-title":"Analysis of the Concentration and Formation Behavior of Naturally Occurring Formaldehyde Content in Food","volume":"4","author":"Nowshad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2014). Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of formaldehyde as a feed hygiene substance in feed for pigs and poultry. EFSA J., 12, 3790.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2014.3790"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"3562","article-title":"Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of formaldehyde for all animal species","volume":"12","author":"Adiveter","year":"2014","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"3561","article-title":"Scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of formaldehyde for all animal species based","volume":"12","author":"Regabl","year":"2014","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.01.136","article-title":"Determination of formaldehyde in food and feed by an in-house validated HPLC method","volume":"202","author":"Wahed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Directorate, C. (1999). Update of the Opinion of the Scientific Committee for Animal Nutrition on the Use of Formaldehyde as a Preserving Agent for Animal Feeding Stuffs of 11 June 1999 Scientific Opinions, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2010). Toxicological Review of Formaldehyde-Inhalation Assessment USEPA, USEPA."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Liteplo, R.G., Beauchamp, R., Ch\u00e9nier, R., and Meek, M.E. (2002). International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1021\/cr800399g","article-title":"Formaldehyde in the indoor environment","volume":"110","author":"Salthammer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (2019, October 30). An Update on Formaldehyde, Available online: https:\/\/www.cpsc.gov\/s3fs-public\/An-Update-On-Formaldehyde-725_0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(98)00278-7","article-title":"Sensory and chemical characterization of VOC from emissions from building products: Impact of concentration and air velocity","volume":"33","author":"Knudsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"165","article-title":"Formaldehyde exposure patterns in a set of Italian indoor workplaces with and without specific emission sources-2011\u20132018","volume":"9","author":"Calisti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ital. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2019, October 30). International Agency for Research on Cancer\u2014IARC, Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans\u2013Internal report 14\/002, France, 2014. Available online: https:\/\/monographs.iarc.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/14-002.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"201","article-title":"Deamination of methylamine and angiopathy; toxicity of formaldehyde, oxidative stress and relevance to protein glycoxidation in diabetes","volume":"52","author":"Yu","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(91)90128-9","article-title":"Aldehydes: Occurrence, carcinogenic potential, mechanism of action and risk assessment","volume":"259","author":"Feron","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2004). World Health Organization\u2013International Agency for Research on Cancer\u2013IARC, Overall Evaluation of Carcinogenicity to Humans."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2019, October 30). Technical Data-Sheet, Sadepan SADECOL P 100N-Product Specifications. Available online: https:\/\/www.sadepan.com\/en\/products\/."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2019, October 30). Technical Data-Sheet, Sadepan SADECOL P 410-Product Specifications. Available online: https:\/\/www.sadepan.com\/en\/products\/."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2019, October 30). Technical Data-Sheet, Sadepan SADECOL P 656-Product Specifications. Available online: https:\/\/www.sadepan.com\/en\/products\/."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2019, October 30). Italian standardization institute, UNI EN 826:2013 Isolanti Termici per Edilizia\u2013Determinazione del Comportamento a Compressione; 2013. Available online: http:\/\/store.uni.com\/catalogo\/uni-en-826-2013,."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Italian Standardization Institute (2019, October 30). UNI EN 319:1994 Pannelli di Particelle di Legno e Pannelli di Fibra di Legno. Determinazione Della Resistenza a Trazione Perpendicolare al Piano del Pannello; 1994. Available online: http:\/\/store.uni.com\/catalogo\/uni-en-319-1994."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Italian Standardization Institute (2019, October 30). UNI EN 310:1994 Pannelli a Base di Legno. Determinazione del Modulo di Elasticit\u00e0 a Flessione e Della Resistenza a Flessione; 1994. Available online: http:\/\/store.uni.com\/catalogo\/index.php\/uni-en-310-1994."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Italian Standardization Institute (2019, October 30). UNI EN 321:2002 Pannelli a Base di Legno\u2014Determinazione Della Resistenza All Umidit\u00e0 Mediante Prove Cicliche; 2002. Available online: http:\/\/store.uni.com\/catalogo\/index.php\/uni-en-321-2002."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Italian Standardization Institute (2019, October 30). UNI EN 1087-1:1997 Pannelli di Particelle di Legno. Determinazione Della Resistenza All Umidit\u00e0. Prova in Acqua Bollente; 1997. Available online: http:\/\/store.uni.com\/catalogo\/uni-en-1087-1-1997."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Italian Standardization Institute (2019, October 30). UNI EN 717-2:1996 Pannelli a Base di Legno. Determinazione del Rilascio di Formaldeide. Rilascio di Formaldeide con il Metodo Dell\u2019analisi del Gas; 1996. Available online: http:\/\/store.uni.com\/catalogo\/index.php\/uni-en-717-2-1996."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.5552\/drind.2011.1102","article-title":"Formaldehyde Emission from Wood-Based Panels Bonded with Different Formaldehyde-Based, Resins","volume":"62","author":"Salem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wood Ind. Drv. Ind."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/11\/11\/1838\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:32:49Z","timestamp":1760189569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/11\/11\/1838"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["polym11111838"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym11111838","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-4360"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]]}}}