{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T01:39:08Z","timestamp":1792201148672,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wy\u017cszego","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. S\/WM\/2\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. S\/WM\/2\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wy\u017cszego","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["011\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["011\/RID\/2018\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polycaprolactone (PCL) and polylactide (PLA) are the two most common biodegradable polymers with potential use in oral applications. Both polymers undergo mainly slow hydrolytic degradation in the human body. However, specific conditions of the oral cavity, like elevated temperature, low pH, and presence of saliva affect the rate of hydrolysis. The study examined the properties of solid samples of PCL and PLA subjected to degradation in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and artificial saliva (AS) at temperatures of 37 or 42 \u00b0C, and pH values 2 or 7.4. A number of tests were performed, including measurement of the degree of swelling, weight loss, molecular weight, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetry of polymers, as well as hardness and tensile strength. Additionally, topography and stiffness of surfaces using atomic force microscopy are presented. It has been noticed that in the artificial saliva, the processes of polymer degradation occur slightly more slowly, and the effects of temperature and pH are less pronounced. We believe that a layer of porcine gastric mucin from artificial saliva that adsorbed on the surface of polymers may have a key role in the observed differences; this layer resembles protective mucin coating tissues in the oral cavity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11111880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]],"date-time":"2019-11-14T10:56:34Z","timestamp":1573728994000},"page":"1880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["The Influence of Mucin-Based Artificial Saliva on Properties of Polycaprolactone and Polylactide"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5370-0030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawid","family":"\u0141ysik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3386-146X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Mystkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Markiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3553-3774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Deptu\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiological and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7664-9226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Bucki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiological and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2011.06.004","article-title":"Biodegradable synthetic polymers: Preparation, functionalization and biomedical application","volume":"37","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.017","article-title":"Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials","volume":"32","author":"Nair","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.5b00429","article-title":"Polymeric Biomaterials for Medical Implants and Devices","volume":"2","author":"Teo","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-017-1296-2","article-title":"Assessment of aliphatic poly(ester-carbonate-urea-urethane)s potential as materials for biomedical application","volume":"24","author":"Mystkowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4033","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10094033","article-title":"Degradability of polymers for implantable biomedical devices","volume":"10","author":"Lyu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.10.001","article-title":"A model for simultaneous crystallisation and biodegradation of biodegradable polymers","volume":"30","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2007.03.051","article-title":"Miscibility and enzymatic degradation studies of poly(\u03b5-caprolactone)\/poly(propylene succinate) blends","volume":"43","author":"Bikiaris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2007.02.013","article-title":"A model describing the effect of enzymatic degradation on drug release from collagen minirods","volume":"67","author":"Metzmacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2010.04.002","article-title":"The return of a forgotten polymer\u2014Polycaprolactone in the 21st century","volume":"35","author":"Woodruff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.04.084","article-title":"Electrospun PCL\/gelatin composite nanofiber structures for effective guided bone regeneration membranes","volume":"78","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32472","article-title":"Design and characterization of a biodegradable composite scaffold for ligament tissue engineering","volume":"92","author":"Hayami","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.03.005","article-title":"A three-dimensional nanofibrous scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering using human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhari, A.A., Vig, K., Baganizi, D.R., Sahu, R., Dixit, S., Dennis, V., Singh, S.R., and Pillai, S.R. (2016). Future prospects for scaffolding methods and biomaterials in skin tissue engineering: A review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17121974"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.08.007","article-title":"Electrospun poly(\u03b5-caprolactone)\/gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering","volume":"29","author":"Prabhakaran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.02.002","article-title":"Bilayered scaffold for engineering cellularized blood vessels","volume":"31","author":"Ju","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2011.09.064","article-title":"Poly-\u03b5-caprolactone based formulations for drug delivery and tissue engineering: A review","volume":"158","author":"Dash","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200500062","article-title":"Poly(lactide) stereocomplexes: Formation, structure, properties, degradation, and applications","volume":"5","author":"Tsuji","year":"2005","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.22259","article-title":"Biomedical applications of biodegradable polymers","volume":"49","author":"Ulery","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00101-0","article-title":"Synthetic biodegradable polymers as orthopedic devices","volume":"21","author":"Middleton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31695","article-title":"Novel three-dimensional scaffolds of poly(L -lactic acid) microfibers using electrospinning and mechanical expansion: Fabrication and bone regeneration","volume":"95","author":"Shim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2007.04.001","article-title":"Self-assembly of mineralized collagen composites","volume":"57","author":"Cui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2010.0538","article-title":"Braided nanofibrous scaffold for tendon and ligament tissue engineering","volume":"19","author":"Barber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.02.028","article-title":"The optimization of porous polymeric scaffolds for chondrocyte\/atelocollagen based tissue-engineered cartilage","volume":"31","author":"Tanaka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.08.062","article-title":"Fabrication of nano-structured porous PLLA scaffold intended for nerve tissue engineering","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.07.028","article-title":"Porous nanofibrous PLLA scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering","volume":"31","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201000922","article-title":"Polymer scaffolds for small-diameter vascular tissue engineering","volume":"20","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.06.012","article-title":"Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"107","author":"Farah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2009.12.003","article-title":"Poly(lactic acid) modifications","volume":"35","author":"Rasal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199908)46:2<236::AID-JBM13>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"In vitro degradation of thin poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) films","volume":"46","author":"Lu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-009-4080-9","article-title":"In vitro degradation and drug release from polymer blends based on poly(dl-lactide), poly(l-lactide-glycolide) and poly(\u03b5-caprolactone)","volume":"45","author":"McDonald","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2011.07.011","article-title":"Degradation kinetics of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid block copolymer cast films in phosphate buffer solution as revealed by infrared and Raman spectroscopies","volume":"96","author":"Vey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2009.05.033","article-title":"Synthesis and self-assembly of amphiphilic poly(acrylic acid-b-dl-lactide) to form micelles for pH-responsive drug delivery","volume":"50","author":"Xue","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1021\/am405101k","article-title":"Electrospun biomimetic fibrous scaffold from shape memory polymer of PDLLA-co-TMC for bone tissue engineering","volume":"6","author":"Bao","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.05.034","article-title":"3D scanning and 3D printing as innovative technologies for fabricating personalized topical drug delivery systems","volume":"234","author":"Goyanes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.04.027","article-title":"Biomimetic hybrid scaffolds for engineering human tooth-ligament interfaces","volume":"31","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2016.10.028","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of 3D-printed bone-like \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate\/polycaprolactone scaffolds for dental tissue engineering","volume":"46","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2013.06.019","article-title":"Pluronic P85\/poly(lactic acid) vesicles as novel carrier for oral insulin delivery","volume":"111","author":"Xiong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1089\/tec.2007.0336","article-title":"Evaluation of type II collagen scaffolds reinforced by poly(\u03b5- caprolactone) as tissue-engineered trachea","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part C Methods"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2012.761725","article-title":"Novel additive manufactured scaffolds for tissue engineered trachea research","volume":"133","author":"Korpela","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, M., Zhang, H., Dong, W., Bai, J., Gao, B., Xia, D., Feng, B., Chen, M., He, X., and Yin, M. (2017). Tissue-engineered trachea from a 3D-printed scaffold enhances whole-segment tracheal repair. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05518-3"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1882","article-title":"A review of biodegradable polymeric systems for oral insulin delivery","volume":"23","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1021\/bm070313n","article-title":"Kinetics and time-temperature equivalence of polymer degradation","volume":"8","author":"Lyu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1991.070420829","article-title":"Hydrolytic degradation of nonoriented poly(\u03b2-propiolactone)","volume":"42","author":"Mathisen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4628(20000815)77:7<1452::AID-APP7>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Properties and morphology of poly(L-lactide). III. Effects of initial crystallinity on long-term in vitro hydrolysis of high molecular weight poly(L-lactide) film in phosphate-buffered solution","volume":"77","author":"Tsuji","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2006.01.021","article-title":"Hydrolytic degradation of poly(d,l-lactide) as a function of end group: Carboxylic acid vs. hydroxyl","volume":"47","author":"Wiggins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.20340","article-title":"Analytical solutions to mathematical models of the surface and bulk erosion of solid polymers","volume":"43","author":"Lyu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3779","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1981.070261124","article-title":"Aliphatic polyesters. I. The degradation of poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) in vivo","volume":"26","author":"Pitt","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(81)90060-0","article-title":"Aliphatic polyesters II. The degradation of poly (DL-lactide), poly (\u03b5-caprolactone), and their copolymers in vivo","volume":"2","author":"Pitt","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-3659(91)90027-B","article-title":"More about the degradation of LA\/GA-derived matrices in aqueous media","volume":"16","author":"Vert","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2598","DOI":"10.1021\/ma961627y","article-title":"Polymer bulk erosion","volume":"30","year":"1997","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1002\/1439-2054(20010701)286:7<398::AID-MAME398>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Poly(L-lactide), 8 high-temperature hydrolysis of poly(L-lactide) films with different crystallinities and crystalline thicknesses in phosphate-buffered solution","volume":"286","author":"Tsuji","year":"2001","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.09.067","article-title":"Effect of load and temperature on in vitro degradation of poly(glycolide-co-L-lactide) multifilament braids","volume":"26","author":"Deng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(99)00145-7","article-title":"Polycaprolactone microparticles and their biodegradation","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.21889","article-title":"Morphological changes of annealed poly-\u03b5-caprolactone by enzymatic degradation with lipase","volume":"48","author":"Sekosan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2012.05.038","article-title":"Hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation of a poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) network","volume":"97","author":"Ivirico","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1021\/ma00081a030","article-title":"Polylactide Stereochemistry: Effect on Enzymic Degradability","volume":"27","author":"Reeve","year":"1994","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(98)00549-7","article-title":"Enzymatic degradation of poly(\u03b5-caprolactone)\/poly(DL-lactide) blends in phosphate buffer solution","volume":"40","author":"Gan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2014.05.020","article-title":"What interactions drive the salivary mucosal pellicle formation?","volume":"120","author":"Gibbins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mystkowska, J., Niemirowicz-Laskowska, K., \u0141ysik, D., Tokajuk, G., D\u0105browski, J.R., and Bucki, R. (2018). The role of oral cavity biofilm on metallic biomaterial surface destruction\u2013corrosion and friction aspects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030743"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141ysik, D., Niemirowicz-Laskowska, K., Bucki, R., Tokajuk, G., and Mystkowska, J. (2019). Artificial Saliva: Challenges and Future Perspectives for the Treatment of Xerostomia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133199"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"183","article-title":"Artificial mucin-based saliva preparations\u2014Physicochemical and tribological properties","volume":"16","author":"Mystkowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mystkowska, J., \u0141ysik, D., and Klekotka, M. (2019). Effect of saliva and mucin-based saliva substitutes on fretting processes of 316 austenitic stainless steel. Metals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/met9020178"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/SSP.199.567","article-title":"Tribological properties of selected self-made solutions of synthetic saliva","volume":"199","author":"Mystkowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Solid State Phenom."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kouparitsas, I.K., Mele, E., and Ronca, S. (2019). Synthesis and electrospinning of polycaprolactone from an aluminium-based catalyst: Influence of the ancillary ligand and initiators on catalytic efficiency and fibre structure. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11040677"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"162","article-title":"The preparation and characterization of poly(D,L-lactic acid) for use as a biodegradable drug carrier","volume":"60","author":"Rak","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pharm. Acta Helv."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, S., Yu, D., Zhu, Y., Wang, Z., Chen, L., and Fu, L. (2017). Morphology, crystallization and thermal behaviors of PLA-based composites: Wonderful effects of hybrid GO\/PEG via dynamic impregnating. Polymers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym9100528"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1002\/app.38359","article-title":"Crystallization properties of polycaprolactone composites filled with nanometer calcium carbonate","volume":"128","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2005.11.001","article-title":"Mucin structure, aggregation, physiological functions and biomedical applications","volume":"11","author":"Bansil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4777","DOI":"10.1021\/ma2000948","article-title":"Effects of temperature and pH on the degradation of poly(lactic acid) brushes","volume":"44","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(97)00226-3","article-title":"Further investigations on the hydrolytic degradation of poly (DL-lactide)","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2005.01.060","article-title":"Swelling and hydrolytic degradation of poly(d,l-lactic acid) in aqueous solutions","volume":"91","author":"Proikakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1002\/app.37712","article-title":"The effect of pH on the hydrolytic degradation of poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) -block-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers","volume":"127","author":"Loh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.3109\/03639049709146155","article-title":"Use of DSC to study the degradation behavior of PLA and PLGA microparticles","volume":"23","author":"Reich","year":"1997","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2004.10.011","article-title":"Polylactide\/montmorillonite nanocomposites: Study of the hydrolytic degradation","volume":"87","author":"Paul","year":"2005","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.869.342","article-title":"Effect of hydrolytic degradation on mechanical properties of PCL","volume":"869","author":"Bezerra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Forum"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20770","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20770","article-title":"A comparative study on the in vivo degradation of poly(L-lactide) based composite implants for bone fracture fixation","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07552-7","article-title":"Ex-Vivo Force Spectroscopy of Intestinal Mucosa Reveals the Mechanical Properties of Mucus Blankets","volume":"7","author":"Sotres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77288-7","article-title":"pH-dependent conformational change of gastric mucin leads to sol-gel transition","volume":"76","author":"Cao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"G827","article-title":"Profound increase in viscosity and aggregation of pig gastric mucin at low pH","volume":"261","author":"Bhaskar","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1021\/bm0609691","article-title":"Rheology of gastric mucin exhibits a pH-dependent sol-gel transition","volume":"8","author":"Celli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/11\/11\/1880\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:34:18Z","timestamp":1760189658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/11\/11\/1880"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["polym11111880"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym11111880","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,14]]}}}