{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:52:42Z","timestamp":1791273162286,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Deanship of Scientific Research Chairs"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Deanship of Scientific Research Chairs"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Poly(vinyl chloride) is a common plastic that is widely used in many industrial applications. Poly(vinyl chloride) is mixed with additives to improve its mechanical and physical properties and to enable its use in harsh environments. Herein, to protect poly(vinyl chloride) films against photoirradiation with ultraviolet light, a number of tin complexes containing valsartan were synthesized and their chemical structures were established. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, and molecular weight determination showed that the non-desirable changes were lower in the films containing the tin complexes than for the blank polymeric films. Analysis of the surface morphology of the irradiated polymeric materials showed that the films containing additives were less rough than the irradiated blank film. The tin complexes protected the poly(vinyl chloride) films against irradiation, where the complexes with high aromaticity were particularly effective. The additives act as primary and secondary stabilizers that absorb the incident radiation and slowly remit it to the polymeric chain as heat energy over time at a harmless level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12040969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T04:15:13Z","timestamp":1587528913000},"page":"969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Protection of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Films against Photodegradation Using Various Valsartan Tin Complexes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alaa","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6675-3126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gamal A.","family":"El-Hiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornea Research Chair, Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1458-4724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emad","family":"Yousif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64021, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina S.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 64021, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5435-5200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Hayal","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Petrochemicals Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0304","article-title":"Applications and societal benefits of plastics","volume":"364","author":"Andrady","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Crawford, C.B., and Quinn, B. (2017). Microplastic Pollutants, Elsevier Science. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1163\/156855508X292383","article-title":"Polymer history","volume":"11","author":"Feldman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Des. Monomers Polym."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Burgess, R.H. (2005). Manufacture and Processing of PVC, Elsevier Applied Science Publishers LTD."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Titow, W.V. (1990). PVC Plastics Properties, Processing, and Applications, Elsevier Applied Science Publishers LTD.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-3834-5_18"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2015.11.041","article-title":"Thermal degradation of PVC: A review","volume":"48","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"4323","article-title":"Thermal stabilizers for poly(vinyl chloride): A review","volume":"6","author":"Folarin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cadogan, D.F., and Howick, C.J. (2000). Plasticizers. Ullmann\u2019s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH.","DOI":"10.1002\/14356007.a20_439"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1179\/174328908X356545","article-title":"Role of titanium dioxide pigments in outdoor weathering of rigid PVC","volume":"37","author":"Gao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plast. Rubber Compos."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.23432","article-title":"Synergistic effect of hindered amine light stabilizers\/ultraviolet absorbers on the polyvinyl chloride\/powder nitrile rubber blends during photodegradation","volume":"53","author":"Chai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-005-5531-2","article-title":"Degradation of PVC containing mixtures in the presence of HCl fixators","volume":"13","author":"Haussmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(00)00054-9","article-title":"Organic thermal stabilizers for rigid poly (vinyl chloride) I. Barbituric and thiobarbituric acids","volume":"70","author":"Mohamed","year":"2000","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.59.10.651","article-title":"Implementing the Stockholm treaty on persistent organic pollutants","volume":"59","author":"Porta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1002\/vnl.730120305","article-title":"Mixed metal vinyl stabilizer synergism. II: Reactions with zinc replacing cadmium","volume":"12","author":"Grossman","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Vinyl Addit. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2015.02.001","article-title":"Synergistic effects of lanthanum-pentaerythritol alkoxide with zinc stearates and with beta-diketone on the thermal stability of poly(vinyl chloride)","volume":"114","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polym. Degd. Stab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-015-0901-5","article-title":"Synergistic effects of zinc-mannitol alkoxide with calcium\/zinc stearates and with \u03b2-diketone on thermal stability of rigid poly(vinyl chloride)","volume":"23","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolf, R., and Kaul, B.L. (2000). Plastics, Additives. Ullmann\u2019s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH.","DOI":"10.1002\/14356007.a20_459"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, D.S., El-Hiti, G.A., Yousif, E., and Hameed, A.S. (2017). Polyphosphates as inhibitors for poly(vinyl chloride) photodegradation. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22111849"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-019-1829-y","article-title":"Evaluation of the use of polyphosphates as photostabilizers and in the formation of ball-like polystyrene materials","volume":"26","author":"Alotaibi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Hiti, G.A., Ahmed, D.S., Yousif, E., Alotaibi, M.H., Star, H.A., and Ahmed, A.A. (2020). Influence of polyphosphates on the physicochemical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) after irradiation with ultraviolet light. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12010193"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yousif, E., Hasan, A., and El-Hiti, G.A. (2016). Spectroscopic, physical and topography of photochemical process of PVC films in the presence of Schiff base metal complexes. Polymers, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym8060204"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, D.S., El-Hiti, G.A., Hameed, A.S., Yousif, E., and Ahmed, A. (2017). New tetra-Schiff bases as efficient photostabilizers for poly(vinyl chloride). Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22091506"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaalan, N., Laftah, N., El-Hiti, G.A., Alotaibi, M.H., Muslih, R., Ahmed, D.S., and Yousif, E. (2018). Poly(vinyl chloride) photostabilization in the presence of Schiff bases containing a thiadiazole moiety. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23040913"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Hiti, G.A., Alotaibi, M.H., Ahmed, A.A., Hamad, B.A., Ahmed, D.S., Ahmed, A., Hashim, H., and Yousif, E. (2019). The morphology and performance of poly(vinyl chloride) containing melamine Schiff bases against ultraviolet light. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24040803"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s13203-019-00235-6","article-title":"SEM morphological analysis of irradiated polystyrene film doped by a Schiff base containing a 1,2,4-triazole ring system","volume":"9","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Petrochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510390","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/510390","article-title":"Synthesis of new thiophene derivatives and their use as photostabilizers for rigid poly(vinyl chloride)","volume":"2015","author":"Balakit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2005.05.015","article-title":"Anthraquinone derivatives as organic stabilizers for rigid poly(vinyl chloride) against photo-degradation","volume":"41","author":"Sabaa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, M.M., El-Hiti, G.A., and Yousif, E. (2016). Photostabilizing efficiency of poly(vinyl chloride) in the presence of organotin(IV) complexes as photostabilizers. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21091151"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghazi, D., El-Hiti, G.A., Yousif, E., Ahmed, D.S., and Alotaibi, M.H. (2018). The effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the physicochemical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) films containing organotin (IV) complexes as photostabilizers. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23020254"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadi, A.G., Yousif, E., El-Hiti, G.A., Ahmed, D.S., Jawad, K., Alotaibi, M.H., and Hashim, H. (2019). Long-term effect of ultraviolet irradiation on poly(vinyl chloride) films containing naproxen diorganotin (IV) complexes. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24132396"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadi, A.G., Jawad, K., El-Hiti, G.A., Alotaibi, M.H., Ahmed, A.A., Ahmed, D.S., and Yousif, E. (2019). Photostabilization of poly(vinyl chloride) by organotin (IV) compounds against photodegradation. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24193557"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-3910(91)90027-O","article-title":"Photo-oxidation of poly(vinyl chloride): Part 2\u2014A comparative study of the carbonylated products in photo-chemical and thermal oxidations","volume":"33","author":"Gaumet","year":"1991","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mark, J.E. (2007). Physical Properties of Polymers Handbook, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-69002-5"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Sharma, Y.R. (2008). Elementary Organic Spectroscopy: Principles and Chemical Applications, S. Chad & Company Ltd."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"911","article-title":"Density functional theory and FTIR spectroscopic study of carboxyl group","volume":"43","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alcock, N.W., Culver, J., and Roe, S.M. (1992). Secondary bonding. Part 15. Influence of lone pairs on coordination: Comparison of diphenyl-tin (IV) and \u2013tellurium (IV) carboxylates and dithiocarbamates. J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans., 1477\u20131484.","DOI":"10.1039\/dt9920001477"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, A., Yousif, E., and El-Hiti, G.A. (2020). Synthesis and use of valsartan metal complexes as media for carbon dioxide storage. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13051183"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1135\/cccc19951492","article-title":"13C and 119Sn NMR Spectra of some mono-n-butyltin (IV) compounds","volume":"60","author":"Pejchal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1081\/SIM-120023490","article-title":"Organotin (IV) complexes of aniline derivatives. I. Synthesis, spectral and antibacterial studies of di- and triorganotin (IV) derivatives of 4-bromomaleanilic acid","volume":"33","author":"Shahid","year":"2003","journal-title":"Synth. React. Inorg. Met Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/jccs.200500034","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of biologically potent di-organotin (IV) complexes of mono-methyl glutarate","volume":"52","author":"Rehman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chin. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)15825-1","article-title":"Electrochemical metallization with Sn of (E)-4-((4-nitrobenzylidene) amino) phenol in non-aqueous media: Characterization and biological activity of the organotin compound","volume":"11","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2019.10.022","article-title":"Fabrication of a new emulsion polyvinyl chloride (EPVC) nanocomposite ultrafiltration membrane modified by para-hydroxybenzoate alumoxane (PHBA) additive to improve permeability and antifouling performance","volume":"153","author":"Farjamia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Design"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1021\/ma00196a005","article-title":"Photooxidation of poly(vinyl chloride). 1. A re-examination of the mechanism","volume":"22","author":"Gardette","year":"1989","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-3910(94)00086-N","article-title":"Degradation and stabilization of poly (vinyl chloride). V. Reaction mechanism of poly (vinyl chloride) degradation","volume":"47","author":"Bacaloglu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/753835","article-title":"Determination of HCl and VOC emission from thermal degradation of PVC in the absence and presence of copper, copper (II) oxide and copper (II) chloride","volume":"6","author":"Jafari","year":"2009","journal-title":"E-J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"201","article-title":"Thermal degradation of plastisols. Effect of some additives on the evolution of gaseous products","volume":"40\u201341","author":"Vilaplana","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2370(98)00123-5","article-title":"Effect of metals, metal oxides, and carboxylates on the thermal decomposition processes of poly(vinyl chloride)","volume":"49","author":"Jakab","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Allcock, H., Lampe, F., and Mark, J.E. (2003). Contemporary Polymer Chemistry, Pearson Prentice-Hall. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e01013","article-title":"SEM analysis of the tunable honeycomb structure of irradiated poly(vinyl chloride) films doped with polyphosphate","volume":"4","author":"Alotaibi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e00743","article-title":"Fabrication of ordered honeycomb porous poly(vinyl chloride) thin film doped with a Schiff base and nickel (II) chloride","volume":"4","author":"Hashim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mspro.2014.06.232","article-title":"SEM observations of a metal foil laminated with a polymer film","volume":"3","author":"Mehmood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikafshar, S., Zabihi, O., Ahmadi, M., Mirmohseni, A., Taseidifar, M., and Naebe, M. (2017). The effects of UV light on the chemical and mechanical properties of a transparent epoxy-diamine system in the presence of an organic UV absorber. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10020180"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1002\/app.25389","article-title":"Different photodegradation processes of PVC with different average degrees of polymerization","volume":"107","author":"Shi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1021\/ef020131g","article-title":"Dehydrochlorination of PVC materials at high temperature","volume":"17","author":"Zheng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Posp\u00ed\u0161il, J., and Klemchuk, P.P. (1989). Oxidation Inhibition in Organic Materials, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4307","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-016-2323-z","article-title":"Poly(vinyl chloride) doped by 2-(4-isobutylphenyl) propanoate metal complexes: Enhanced resistance to UV irradiation","volume":"42","author":"Mohammed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1002\/app.23402","article-title":"N-Phenyl-3-substituted-5-pyrazolone derivatives as organic stabilizer for rigid PVC against photodegradation","volume":"101","author":"Sabaa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/12\/4\/969\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:21:36Z","timestamp":1760361696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/12\/4\/969"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["polym12040969"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym12040969","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]}}}