{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T19:53:05Z","timestamp":1770061985847,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]],"date-time":"2020-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"RUI Grant (1001\/PTEKIND\/8014119)","award":["RUI Grant (1001\/PTEKIND\/8014119)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RUI Grant (1001\/PTEKIND\/8014119)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Using oil palm trunk (OPT) layered with empty fruit bunch (EFB), so-called hybrid plywood enhanced with palm oil ash nanoparticles, with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin as a binder, was produced in this study. The phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins filled with different loading of oil palm ash (OPA) nanoparticles were prepared and used as glue for layers of the oil palm trunk (OPT) veneer and empty fruit bunch fibre mat. The resulting hybrid plywood produced was characterised. The physical, mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of the hybrid plywood panels were investigated. The results obtained showed that the presence of OPA nanoparticles significantly affected the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the plywood panels. Significant improvements in dimension from water absorption and thickness swelling experiments were obtained for the plywood panels with the highest OPA nanoparticles loading in PF resin. The mechanical properties indicated that plywood composites showed improvement in flexural, shear, and impact properties until a certain loading of OPA nanoparticles in PF resin. Fracture surface morphology also showed the effectiveness of OPA nanoparticles in the reduction of layer breakage due to force and stress distribution. The thermal stability performance showed that PF filled OPA nanoparticles contributed to the thermal stability of the plywood panels. Therefore, the results obtained in this study showed that OPA nanoparticles certainly improved the characteristic of the hybrid plywood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12051007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]],"date-time":"2020-04-29T01:29:15Z","timestamp":1588123755000},"page":"1007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Enhancement of Oil Palm Waste Nanoparticles on the Properties and Characterization of Hybrid Plywood Biocomposites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4525-6937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arif","family":"Nuryawan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Products Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9235-8346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Che","family":"Hazwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2695-705X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Olaiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1599-1754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esam","family":"Yahya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iwan","family":"Risnasari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Products Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0866-754X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nanang","family":"Masruchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), JI.Raya Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Baharudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hasmawi","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politeknik Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah, Persiaran usahawan, Seksyen U1, Shah Alam 40150, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2403-809X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H.","family":"Abdul Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703453","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201703453","article-title":"Wood-Based Nanotechnologies toward Sustainability","volume":"30","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. 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