{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T22:24:15Z","timestamp":1772922255004,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]],"date-time":"2020-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002261","name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18-53\u201353014 GFEN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-53\u201353014 GFEN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005189","name":"Estonian Research Competency Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IUT33-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IUT33-20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005189","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The polycondensation sol\u2013gel reaction of 5-methylresocinol and formaldehyde with additional compounds in reaction media is a relatively simple way to produce modified aerogels. In order to obtain aerogels with a large surface area and high porosity, the conditions for gel formation, the solvent exchange process before drying, and the supercritical drying process were optimized. A successful attempt was made to introduce ferrocene units into 5-methylresocinol-formaldehyde-based aerogels. The resulting aerogels are amorphous substrates, and no aggregated ferrocene units were found in their structures. All of the aerogel samples that were obtained are structurally similar despite differences in the original ferrocene units and their initial concentration. It was found that the inclusion limit of ferrocene structural blocks into an aerogel is ~6% wt. The structures of the inclusions in which all of the Fe atoms in the aerogel substrates were present in ferrocene\/ferrocenium at an approximate ratio of 60\/40 to 55\/45 were confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy. Aerogels with ferrocene\/ferrocenium inclusions are likely to exhibit reversible redox activity in reactions with gaseous reagents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12071582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T05:10:30Z","timestamp":1595394630000},"page":"1582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Ferrocene Introduced into 5-Methylresorcinol-Based Organic Aerogels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ludmila V.","family":"Erkhova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Lenin Hills, 1\\3, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor A.","family":"Presniakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Lenin Hills, 1\\3, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michail I.","family":"Afanasov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Lenin Hills, 1\\3, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dmitry A.","family":"Lemenovskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Lenin Hills, 1\\3, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haojie","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8105-6812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mati","family":"Danilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Material and Environmental Technology, School of Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mihkel","family":"Koel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science; Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate 5; 19086 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.3390\/ma6030941","article-title":"A Special Material or a New State of Matter: A Review and Reconsideration of the Aerogel","volume":"6","author":"Du","year":"2013","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200390020","article-title":"Preparation and properties of resorcinol-formaldehyde organic and carbon gels","volume":"15","author":"Ritter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4166","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2017.411","article-title":"Carbon aerogel evolution: Allotrope, graphene-inspired, and 3D-printed aerogels","volume":"32","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2017.461","article-title":"Resorcinol-formaldehyde derived carbon xerogels: A promising anode material for lithium-ion battery","volume":"33","author":"Kakunuri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Pekala, R.W. (1989). Low density, resorcinol-formaldehyde aerogels. (4,873,218), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6138","DOI":"10.1021\/cm071572m","article-title":"Time-Efficient Acid-Catalyzed Synthesis of Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Aerogels","volume":"19","author":"Mulik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13462","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ta13172f","article-title":"Flexibilisation of resorcinol-formaldehyde aerogels","volume":"1","author":"Schwan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2020, April 07). ILSHIN Autoclave. Available online: http:\/\/suflux.com\/EN\/plant\/Supercritical_Plant.html."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2012.02.026","article-title":"Supercritical drying of aerogels using CO2: Effect of extraction time on the end material textural properties","volume":"66","author":"Alnaief","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/gels4010003","article-title":"Review Kinetics of Supercritical Drying of Gels","volume":"4","author":"Sahin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein, L., Aparicio, M., and Jitianu, A. (2018). Aerogel Processing, 985-1011. Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology: Processing, Characterization and Applications, Springer Int Pub.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-32101-1_27"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aegerter, M.A., Leventis, N., and Koebel, M.M. (2011). Aerogels Handbook, Springer Int Pub.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7589-8"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7073","DOI":"10.1021\/la0259003","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of copper-doped carbon aerogels","volume":"18","author":"Baumann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6001","DOI":"10.1021\/ie8002039","article-title":"Metal-doped carbon aerogels. New materials for water treatments","volume":"47","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2015.07.044","article-title":"Photoactivity of organic xerogels and aerogels in the photodegradation of herbicides from waters","volume":"181","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.09.127","article-title":"Metal-doped organic aerogels for photocatalytic degradation of trimethoprim","volume":"357","author":"Bolobajev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2015.03.021","article-title":"Cobalt- and iron-containing nitrogen-doped carbon aerogels as non-precious metal catalysts for electrochemical reduction of oxygen","volume":"746","author":"Sarapuu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2019.213016","article-title":"Recent progress in metal-organic frameworks-based hydrogels and aerogels and their applications","volume":"398","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-328X(01)01142-1","article-title":"Ferrocene polymers: Current architectures, syntheses and utility","volume":"637\u2013639","author":"Hudson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Organomet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10006","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201800412","article-title":"Recent Trends in Metallopolymer Design: Redox-Controlled Surfaces, Porous Membranes, and Switchable Optical Materials Using Ferrocene-Containing Polymers","volume":"24","author":"Gallei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068066l","article-title":"One-Electron and Two-Electron Transfers in Electrochemistry and Homogeneous Solution Reactions","volume":"108","author":"Evans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3935","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.3935","article-title":"A ferrocene-containing porous organic polymer linked by tetrahedral silicon-centered units for gas sorption","volume":"32","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Organomet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4575","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.4575","article-title":"Research advances in the synthesis and applications of ferrocene-based electro and photo responsive materials","volume":"32","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Organometal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jorganchem.2015.11.019","article-title":"Metallopolyyne polymers with ferrocenyl pendant ligands as cathode-active materials for organic battery application","volume":"812","author":"Meng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Organomet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1002\/ejic.201501169","article-title":"Synthesis and Charge\u2013Discharge Proper ties of Organometallic Copolymers of Ferrocene and Triphenylamine as Cathode Active Materials for Organic-Battery Applications","volume":"2016","author":"Xiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"37","article-title":"Synthesis of iron-doped resorcinol formaldehyde based aerogels for the removal of Cr(VI) from water","volume":"4","author":"Verma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Green Process. Synth."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4898609","article-title":"Study of spatial spin-modulated structures by M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy using SpectrRelax","volume":"1622","author":"Matsnev","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4221","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201813598","article-title":"Ferrocene-Linkage-Facilitated Charge Separation in Conjugated Microporous Polymers","volume":"58","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3176\/oil.2009.1.05","article-title":"Oil Shale Phenol-derived Aerogels as Supports for Palladium Nanoparticles","volume":"26","author":"Peikolainen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oil Shale"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22163","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA06515A","article-title":"Ferrocene-based porous organic polymer derived high-performance electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3176\/oil.2008.3.06","article-title":"Low-density organic aerogels from oil shale by-product 5-methylresorcinol","volume":"25","author":"Peikolainen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oil Shale"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.17159\/0379-4350\/2017\/v70a13","article-title":"Electronic Effects of Group Fragments on the XPS of Fe 2p and 3p Photoelectron Lines of Ferrocenyl-containing Chalcones","volume":"70","author":"Erasmus","year":"2017","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8735","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45448-w","article-title":"Redox-Active Ferrocene grafted on H-Terminated Si(111): Electrochemical Characterization of the Charge Transport Mechanism and Dynamics","volume":"9","author":"Fontanesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2015.03.026","article-title":"Ferrocene functionalized nanoscale mixed-oxides as a potent phosphate adsorbent from the synthetic and real (Persian Gulf) waters","volume":"450","author":"Arshadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenwood, N.N., and Gibb, T.C. (1971). M\u0446ssbauer Spectroscopy, Chapman Hall.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-5697-1"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ica.2019.118972","article-title":"Hyperfine interactions and metal atom dynamics in a number of t-butyl ferrocene derivatives: The counter intuitive effects of ring substitution","volume":"495","author":"Herber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012616308692","article-title":"Hyperfine interactions and lattice dynamics of ferrocene, ring-substituted ferrocenes and their oxidation products","volume":"108","author":"Herber","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hyperfine Interact."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s10751-016-1310-9","article-title":"Lattice dynamics, phase transitions and spin relaxation in [Fe(C5H5)2] PF6","volume":"237","author":"Herber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hyperfine Interact."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01027247","article-title":"M\u0446ssbauer studies of valence fluctuations","volume":"13","author":"Nowik","year":"1983","journal-title":"Hyperfine Interact."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1039\/c3py21118e","article-title":"Polymers with redox properties: Materials for batteries, biosensors and more","volume":"4","author":"Gracia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/12\/7\/1582\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:49:07Z","timestamp":1760176147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/12\/7\/1582"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["polym12071582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym12071582","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]]}}}