{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:16:32Z","timestamp":1790946992482,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antiviral polymers are part of a major campaign led by the scientific community in recent years. Facing this most demanding of campaigns, two main approaches have been undertaken by scientists. First, the classic approach involves the development of relatively small molecules having antiviral properties to serve as drugs. The other approach involves searching for polymers with antiviral properties to be used as prescription medications or viral spread prevention measures. This second approach took two distinct directions. The first, using polymers as antiviral drug-delivery systems, taking advantage of their biodegradable properties. The second, using polymers with antiviral properties for on-contact virus elimination, which will be the focus of this review. Anti-viral polymers are obtained by either the addition of small antiviral molecules (such as metal ions) to obtain ion-containing polymers with antiviral properties or the use of polymers composed of an organic backbone and electrically charged moieties like polyanions, such as carboxylate containing polymers, or polycations such as quaternary ammonium containing polymers. Other approaches include moieties hybridized by sulphates, carboxylic acids, or amines and\/or combining repeating units with a similar chemical structure to common antiviral drugs. Furthermore, elevated temperatures appear to increase the anti-viral effect of ions and other functional moieties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12081727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T07:45:57Z","timestamp":1596440757000},"page":"1727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Polymers in the Medical Antiviral Front-Line"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0838-5411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natanel","family":"Jarach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Pernick Faculty of Engineering, Shenkar College of Engineering and Design, Raman-Gan 52562, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Dodiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Pernick Faculty of Engineering, Shenkar College of Engineering and Design, Raman-Gan 52562, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Kenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Pernick Faculty of Engineering, Shenkar College of Engineering and Design, Raman-Gan 52562, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, March 24). Introduction to Virology | Division of Medical Virology. Available online: http:\/\/www.virology.uct.ac.za\/vir\/teaching\/mbchb\/intro."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kayser, F.H., Bienz, K.A., Eckert, J., and Zinkernagel, R.M. (2005). Kaiser, Medical Microbiology, Thieme.","DOI":"10.1055\/b-005-148876"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1128\/br.35.3.235-241.1971","article-title":"Expression of animal virus genomes","volume":"35","author":"Baltimore","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bacteriol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(69)90017-8","article-title":"Polypeptide components of virions, top component and cores of reovirus type 3","volume":"39","author":"Smith","year":"1969","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Gelderblom, H.R. (1996). Structure and Classification of Viruses. Medical Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2017.10.008","article-title":"The Species Problem in Virology","volume":"Volume 100","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advances in Virus Research"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kibenge, F.S.B. (2016). Classification and identification of aquatic animal viruses. Aquaculture Virology, Elsevier Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801573-5.00002-4"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Regenmortel, M.H.V. (2011). Virus Species. Genetics and Evolution of Infectious Diseases, Elsevier Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-384890-1.00001-7"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/10643388909388351","article-title":"The molecular mechanisms of copper and silver ion disinfection of bacteria and viruses","volume":"18","author":"Thurman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Control"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050233","article-title":"Early interactions of hepatitis A virus with cultured cells: Viral elution and the effect of pH and calcium ions","volume":"142","author":"Bishop","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2011(68)90081-5","article-title":"Effect of ionic concentration on the infectivity of a virus of the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri","volume":"10","author":"Chambers","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01246386","article-title":"The significance of oxidation in chemical inactivation of poliovirus","volume":"12","author":"Lund","year":"1962","journal-title":"Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07804.x","article-title":"On the cytotoxicity of vitamin C and metal ions: A site-specific Fenton mechanism","volume":"137","author":"Samuni","year":"1983","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.2307\/3576330","article-title":"Roles of copper and superoxide anion radicals in the radiation- induced inactivation of T7 bacteriophage","volume":"99","author":"Samuni","year":"1984","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.35.6.1116-1120.1978","article-title":"Reversal of the Silver Inhibition of Microorganisms by Agar","volume":"35","author":"Tilton","year":"1978","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"175","article-title":"Application of silver nanoparticles in viral inhibition: A new hope for antivirals","volume":"9","author":"Khandelwal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig. J. Nanomater. Biostructures"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"127","article-title":"Pharmacology and toxicology of heavy metals: Silver","volume":"1","author":"Petering","year":"1976","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther. Part A Chemother. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2017.00092","article-title":"Theory meets experiment: Metal ion effects in HCV genomic RNA kissing complex formation","volume":"4","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00f6nttinen, H.A.M., Ravantti, J.J., and Poranen, M.M. (2012). Evidence for a non-catalytic ion-binding site in multiple RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040581"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49755","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M409657200","article-title":"Effect of metal ion binding on the structural stability of the hepatitis C virus RNA polymerase","volume":"279","author":"Benzaghou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4825099","article-title":"Multivalent ion effects on electrostatic stability of virus-like nano-shells","volume":"139","author":"Javidpour","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.07.052","article-title":"Highly efficient antiviral and antibacterial activities of solid-state cuprous compounds","volume":"235\u2013236","author":"Sunada","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-71-12-2989","article-title":"The mechanism of the antiherpetic activity of zinc sulphate","volume":"71","author":"Kumel","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz013","article-title":"The Role of Zinc in Antiviral Immunity","volume":"10","author":"Read","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"te Velthuis, A.J.W., van den Worml, S.H.E., Sims, A.C., Baric, R.S., Snijder, E.J., and van Hemert, M.J. (2010). Zn2+ inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001176"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.2.1649-1654.1999","article-title":"Characterization of Soluble Hepatitis C Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Expressed in Escherichia coli","volume":"73","author":"Ferrari","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2006.01352.x","article-title":"Zinc is a negative regulator of hepatitis C virus RNA replication","volume":"26","author":"Yuasa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12845","article-title":"The antiviral role of zinc and metallothioneins in hepatitis C infection","volume":"25","author":"Read","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1086\/317437","article-title":"Effect of Treatment with Zinc Gluconate or Zinc Acetate on Experimental and Natural Colds","volume":"31","author":"Turner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01543-08","article-title":"Antiviral Activity of the Zinc Ionophores Pyrithione and Hinokitiol against Picornavirus Infections","volume":"83","author":"Krenn","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4374","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.59.12.4374-4376.1993","article-title":"Virus inactivation by copper or iron ions alone and in the presence of peroxide","volume":"59","author":"Sagripanti","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.3390\/ph3061711","article-title":"Cobalt complexes as antiviral and antibacterial agents","volume":"3","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(03)00009-3","article-title":"Broad spectrum anti-RNA virus activities of titanium and vanadium substituted polyoxotungstates","volume":"58","author":"Shigeta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1159\/000500897","article-title":"In vitro Antimicrobial Effects of Virus Block, Which Contains Multiple Polyoxometalate Compounds, and Hygienic Effects of Virus Block-Supplemented Moist Hand Towels","volume":"104","author":"Dan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.3390\/polym7111514","article-title":"Antibacterial\/antiviral property and mechanism of dual-functional quaternized pyridinium-type copolymer","volume":"7","author":"Xue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"12","article-title":"The Antiviral Activity of Chitosan (Review)","volume":"38","author":"Chirkov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prikl. Biokhimiya Mikrobiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-107-26770","article-title":"Studies of Inhibitory Effect of Ammonium Ions in Several Virus-Tissue Culture Systems","volume":"107","author":"Jensen","year":"1961","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/207664a0","article-title":"A common mode of antiviral action for ammonium ions and various amines","volume":"207","author":"Fletcher","year":"1965","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Li, Z., Niu, J., Xu, Y., Ma, L., Lu, A., Wang, X., Qian, Z., Huang, Z., and Jin, X. (2018). Antiviral effects of ferric ammonium citrate. Cell Discov., 4.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-018-0013-6"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.07738-11","article-title":"Different virucidal activities of hyperbranched quaternary ammonium coatings on poliovirus and influenza virus","volume":"78","author":"Tuladhar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.11.022","article-title":"Enhanced antioxidant and antifungal activity of chitosan derivatives bearing 6-O-imidazole-based quaternary ammonium salts","volume":"206","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46887","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA08634A","article-title":"Novel quaternary phosphonium-type cationic polyacrylamide and elucidation of dual-functional antibacterial\/antiviral activity","volume":"4","author":"Xue","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6700(75)90002-7","article-title":"Synthetic biologically active polymers","volume":"4","author":"Donaruma","year":"1975","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.00050","article-title":"Chitosan\/Xanthan Gum Based Hydrogels as Potential Carrier for an Antiviral Drug: Fabrication, Characterization, and Safety Evaluation","volume":"8","author":"Malik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2017.03.001","article-title":"Quaternary ammonium-based biomedical materials: State-of-the-art, toxicological aspects and antimicrobial resistance","volume":"71","author":"Jiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1021\/bm070353r","article-title":"From multifunctionalized poly(ethylene imine)s toward antimicrobial coatings","volume":"8","author":"Pasquier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.4265\/bio.20.205","article-title":"Inactivation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus by Commercially Available Disinfectants and Cleaners","volume":"20","author":"HARADA","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(87)90124-9","article-title":"Synergistic antiviral effect of xanthates and ionic detergents","volume":"36","author":"Amtmann","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1177\/095632029600700304","article-title":"Mechanism of the antiviral activity of new aurintricarboxylic acid analogues","volume":"7","author":"Reymen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antivir. Chem. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.07.004","article-title":"Nucleic acid polymers: Broad spectrum antiviral activity, antiviral mechanisms and optimization for the treatment of hepatitis B and hepatitis D infection","volume":"133","author":"Vaillant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2005.05.003","article-title":"Ion transport blockers inhibit human rhinovirus 2 release","volume":"67","author":"Gazina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"541","article-title":"Antiviral effects of ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids in vitro","volume":"22","author":"Furuya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.5897\/JETR2013.0309","article-title":"Application of nanotechnology in textile engineering: An overview","volume":"5","author":"PATRA","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Eng. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2014.02.038","article-title":"Camphor-based symmetric diimines as inhibitors of influenza virus reproduction","volume":"22","author":"Sokolova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2015.10.010","article-title":"Discovery of a new class of antiviral compounds: Camphor imine derivatives","volume":"105","author":"Sokolova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.06.004","article-title":"Broad range of inhibiting action of novel camphor-based compound with anti-hemagglutinin activity against influenza viruses in vitro and in vivo","volume":"120","author":"Zarubaev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2015.06.003","article-title":"Polymeric films as a promising carrier for bioadhesive drug delivery: Development, characterization and optimization","volume":"25","author":"Bassi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.09.113","article-title":"A novel polymeric chlorhexidine delivery device for the treatment of periodontal disease","volume":"25","author":"Yue","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2007.05.008","article-title":"Release of antimicrobial and antiviral drugs from methacrylate copolymer system: Effect of copolymer molecular weight and drug loading on drug release","volume":"24","author":"Tallury","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-11-14-0300-R","article-title":"Elevated ambient temperature differentially affects virus resistance in two tobacco species","volume":"106","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1039\/C8PY00116B","article-title":"Efficient antiviral co-delivery using polymersomes by controlling the surface density of cell-targeting groups for influenza A virus treatment","volume":"9","author":"Chun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20385","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219155109","article-title":"Polymer-attached zanamivir inhibits synergistically both early and late stages of influenza virus infection","volume":"109","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201200454","article-title":"Towards an Improved anti-HIV Activity of NRTI via Metal-Organic Frameworks Nanoparticles","volume":"2","author":"Agostoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1021\/ie101312k","article-title":"Biomedical Applications of Metal Organic Frameworks","volume":"50","author":"Keskin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1039\/C8BM01221K","article-title":"Versatile iron-catechol-based nanoscale coordination polymers with antiretroviral ligand functionalization and their use as efficient carriers in HIV\/AIDS therapy","volume":"7","author":"Tort","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6407","DOI":"10.1039\/C4PY00624K","article-title":"Macromolecular (pro)drugs in antiviral research","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cc00315a","article-title":"Macromolecular prodrugs of ribavirin combat side effects and toxicity with no loss of activity of the drug","volume":"49","author":"Kryger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Larson, A.M. (2013). Antiviral Polymeric Drugs and Surface Coatings, Massachusetts Institute Of Technology."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3896","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.23253","article-title":"Conjugating Drug Candidates to Polymeric Chains Does Not Necessarily Enhance Anti-Influenza Activity","volume":"101","author":"Larson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2005.07.008","article-title":"Polymer-bound 6\u2032 sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine protects mice infected by influenza virus","volume":"68","author":"Gambaryan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-008-9219-7","article-title":"Antiviral and anticancer activity of cisplatin derivatives of tilorone","volume":"18","author":"Roner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roner, M.R., and Carraher, C.E. (2008). Cisplatin derivatives as antiviral agents. Inorganic and Organometallic Macromolecules: Design and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-72947-3_8"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"591","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of polyaniline coated silver nanoparticles synthesized from Piper betle leaves extract","volume":"15","author":"Rashid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Shigita, S., Tsurumi, H., and Naka, H. (2007). Anti-Viral Fiber, Process for Producing the Fiber, and Textile Product Comprising the Fiber. (Application No. 10\/591,460), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2011.11.017","article-title":"Inactivation of high and low pathogenic avian influenza virus H5 subtypes by copper ions incorporated in zeolite-textile materials","volume":"93","author":"Imai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1557\/adv.2016.43","article-title":"Antiviral Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Immobilized onto Textile Fabrics Synthesized by Radiochemical Process","volume":"1","author":"Seino","year":"2016","journal-title":"MRS Adv."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-3155-3-6","article-title":"Interaction of silver nanoparticles with HIV-1","volume":"3","author":"Elechiguerra","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-3155-8-1","article-title":"PVP-coated silver nanoparticles block the transmission of cell-free and cell-associated HIV-1 in human cervical culture","volume":"8","author":"Lara","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-3155-8-1","article-title":"Mode of antiviral action of silver nanoparticles against HIV-1","volume":"8","author":"Lara","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2008.012","article-title":"Silver Nanoparticles Inhibit Replication of Respiratory Syncytial Virus","volume":"4","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11671-008-9128-2","article-title":"A preliminary assessment of silver nanoparticle inhibition of monkeypox virus plaque formation","volume":"3","author":"Rogers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-3155-8-19","article-title":"Interaction of silver nanoparticles with Tacaribe virus","volume":"8","author":"Speshock","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-8-93","article-title":"Antiviral activity of silver nanoparticle\/chitosan composites against H1N1 influenza A virus","volume":"8","author":"Mori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceram.2020.100006","article-title":"Virucidal effect against Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 of a silver nanocluster\/silica composite sputtered coating","volume":"1","author":"Balagna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Ceram."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4001","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00796-13","article-title":"A modified zinc acetate gel, a potential nonantiretroviral microbicide, is safe and effective against simian-human immunodeficiency virus and herpes simplex virus 2 infection in vivo","volume":"57","author":"Kenney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7646","DOI":"10.1021\/la300948n","article-title":"Nanoparticles and surfaces presenting antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral properties","volume":"28","author":"Botequim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"(2017). Antiviral Agent, Coating Composition, Resin Composition and Antiviral Product. (16\/078,534), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1080\/00405000.2014.972711","article-title":"Development of tri-laminate antiviral surgical gown for liquid barrier protection","volume":"106","author":"Parthasarathi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Text. Inst."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2010.11.033","article-title":"Polymeric membranes incorporated with metal\/metal oxide nanoparticles: A comprehensive review","volume":"308","author":"Ng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-016-2275-5","article-title":"Developing Novel Antimicrobial and Antiviral Textile Products","volume":"181","author":"Iyigundogdu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Nunes, O.D., and Dur\u00e1n, N.E.C. (1991). Polymeric Anhydride of Magnesium and Proteic Ammonium Phospholinoleate with Antiviral, Antineoplastic and Immunostimulant Properties. (5,073,630), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-019-01250-9","article-title":"Organotin Polymers as Antiviral Agents Including Inhibition of Zika and Vaccinia Viruses","volume":"30","author":"Roner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.3390\/ma4060991","article-title":"Antiviral activity of metal-containing polymers-organotin and cisplatin-like polymers","volume":"4","author":"Roner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5232","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CS00026F","article-title":"Metal-containing and related polymers for biomedical applications","volume":"45","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2018.04.056","article-title":"Virus reduction through microfiltration membranes modified with a cationic polymer for drinking water applications","volume":"551","author":"Sinclair","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.6b00091","article-title":"Cooperative Orthogonal Macromolecular Assemblies with Broad Spectrum Antiviral Activity, High Selectivity, and Resistance Mitigation","volume":"49","author":"Ichiyama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4548","DOI":"10.1021\/la205127x","article-title":"Antiviral properties of polymeric aziridine- and biguanide-modified core-shell magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"28","author":"Bromberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-012-0825-2","article-title":"Decreasing herpes simplex viral infectivity in solution by surface-immobilized and suspended N,N-dodecyl,methyl-polyethylenimine","volume":"30","author":"Larson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-chembioeng-061312-103253","article-title":"Biocidal Packaging for Pharmaceuticals, Foods, and Other Perishables","volume":"4","author":"Larson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.22967","article-title":"Hydrophobic polycationic coatings disinfect poliovirus and rotavirus solutions","volume":"108","author":"Larson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-019-00934-5","article-title":"Agricultural uses of chitin polymers","volume":"18","author":"Shamshina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.11.033","article-title":"Antioxidant, antifungal and antiviral activities of chitosan from the larvae of housefly, Musca domestica L.","volume":"132","author":"Ai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2019.12.006","article-title":"Novel combined biological antiviral agents Cytosinpeptidemycin and Chitosan oligosaccharide induced host resistance and changed movement protein subcellular localization of tobacco mosaic virus","volume":"164","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6315","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03420-14","article-title":"Agmatine-containing poly(amidoamine)s as a novel class of antiviral macromolecules: Structural properties and in vitro evaluation of infectivity inhibition","volume":"58","author":"Donalisio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.201400525","article-title":"Tailor-made antimicrobial\/antiviral star polymer via ATRP of cyclodextrin and guanidine-based macromonomer","volume":"216","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00213a009","article-title":"Uptake and Fate of Water-Soluble, Nondegradable Polymers with Antiviral Activity in Cells and Animals","volume":"20","author":"Vengris","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17667","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608803103","article-title":"Polymeric coatings that inactivate both influenza virus and pathogenic bacteria","volume":"103","author":"Haldar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1021\/am200575y","article-title":"Cationic phenylene ethynylene polymers and oligomers exhibit efficient antiviral activity","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-012-9999-7","article-title":"Antiviral and antibacterial polyurethanes of various modalities","volume":"169","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.05.004","article-title":"Anti-herpesviral effects of a novel broad range anti-microbial quaternary ammonium silane, K21","volume":"131","author":"Gulve","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Watanabe, Y., Kakehi, H., and Shuto, Y. (2020). Antibacterial\/Antiviral Coating Agent. (10,550,274), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42150-9","article-title":"Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) Nanogels with Antiviral Behavior against HIV-1 Infection","volume":"9","author":"Macchione","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"Gabbay, J. (2007). Antimicrobial and Antiviral Polymeric Materials. (No. 7,169,402 B2), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2007.01.003","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of cinnamaldehyde, derived from Cinnamomi cortex, on the growth of influenza A\/PR\/8 virus in vitro and in vivo","volume":"74","author":"Hayashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12349","article-title":"Polymers and Biopolymers with Antiviral Activity: Potential Applications for Improving Food Safety","volume":"17","author":"Randazzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(68)90215-8","article-title":"Interferon-stimulating and in vivo antiviral effects of various synthetic anionic polymers","volume":"35","author":"Merigan","year":"1968","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1094\/Phyto-62-1461","article-title":"Induced Interference by Synthetic Polyanions with the Infection of Tobacco Mosaic Virus","volume":"62","author":"Stein","year":"1972","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/196642a0","article-title":"Ethylene maleic anhydride copolymers as viral inhibitors","volume":"196","author":"Feltz","year":"1962","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"Matsushita, M., Otsuki, K., Takakuwa, H., and Tsunekuni, R. (2010). Antiviral Substance, Antiviral Fiber, and Antiviral Fiber Structur. (Application 12\/679,211), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pirrone, V., Passic, S., Wigdahl, B., Rando, R.F., Labib, M., and Krebs, F.C. (2010). A styrene- alt -maleic acid copolymer is an effective inhibitor of R5 and X4 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J. Biomed. Biotechnol., 2010.","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/548749"},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"173","article-title":"Biomedical applications of maleic anhydride copolymers","volume":"56","author":"Popescu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Roum. Chim."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.27090","article-title":"Synthesis of anionic carbosilane dendrimers via \u201cclick chemistry\u201d and their antiviral properties against HIV","volume":"52","author":"Pion","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"Neenan, T.X., and W. Harry Mandeville, I. (2000). Antiviral Polymers Comprising Acid Functional Groups and Hydrophobic Groups. (6,268,126), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1177\/095632029700800310","article-title":"Anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 activity of humic acid-like polymers and their o-diphenolic starting compounds","volume":"8","author":"Helbig","year":"1997","journal-title":"Antivir. Chem. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0144-8617(98)00119-2","article-title":"Antiviral activity of alginate against infection by tobacco mosaic virus","volume":"38","author":"Sano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2011.06.003","article-title":"Alginate: Properties and biomedical applications","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1177\/095632029000100402","article-title":"Sulphated Polymers are Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Various Enveloped Viruses, Including Herpes Simplex Virus, Cytomegalovirus, Vesicular Stomatitis Virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and Toga-, Arena-, and Retroviruses","volume":"1","author":"Schols","year":"1990","journal-title":"Antivir. Chem. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.49.108","article-title":"Effects of structural modification of calcium spirulan, a sulfated polysaccharide from Spirulina Platensis, on antiviral activity","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_129","unstructured":"Munson, H.R., and Tankersley, R.W. (1986). Antiviral Sulfonated Naphthalene Formaldehyde Condensation Polymers. (4,604,404), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soria-Martinez, L., Bauer, S., Giesler, M., Schelhaas, S., Materlik, J., Janus, K.A., Pierzyna, P., Becker, M., Snyder, N.L., and Hartmann, L. (2020). Prophylactic antiviral activity of sulfated glycomimetic oligomers and polymers. J. Am. Chem. Soc.","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.9b13484"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1039\/C9MH00726A","article-title":"Inherently self-sterilizing charged multiblock polymers that kill drug-resistant microbes in minutes","volume":"6","author":"Peddinti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Horizons"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.4980230312","article-title":"Synthesis, structure and antiviral activity of sulfates of curdlan and its branched derivatives","volume":"23","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-2-27","article-title":"Anti-HIV-1 activity of anionic polymers: A comparative study of candidate microbicides","volume":"2","author":"Neurath","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.1.234","article-title":"Naphthalene sulfonate polymers with CD4-blocking and anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activities","volume":"40","author":"Rusconi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Q.L., Li, Y., Ni, L.Q., Li, Y.X., Cui, Y.S., Jiang, S.L., Xie, E.Y., Du, J., Deng, F., and Dong, C.X. (2020). Structural characterization and antiviral activity of two fucoidans from the brown algae Sargassum henslowianum. Carbohydr. Polym., 229.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115487"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/masy.19950990125","article-title":"Antiviral activity of polysaccharides against infection of tobacco mosaic virus","volume":"99","author":"Sano","year":"1995","journal-title":"Macromol. Symp."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0144-8617(97)00029-5","article-title":"Antiviral activity of chondroitin sulfate against infection by tobacco mosaic virus","volume":"33","author":"Sano","year":"1997","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiyue, S., Ying, L., Kanamoto, T., Asai, D., and Takemura, H. (2020). Elucidation of anti-HIV mechanism of sulfated cellobiose \u2013 polylysine dendrimers. Carbohydr. Res., 495.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2020.108084"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(92)90034-3","article-title":"Sulfonic acid polymers as a new class of human immunodeficiency virus inhibitors","volume":"18","author":"Mohan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-131-33897","article-title":"Antiviral Activity of an Interferon-Inducing Synthetic Polymer","volume":"131","author":"Came","year":"1969","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(95)00046-O","article-title":"Potent inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus by MDL 101028, a novel sulphonic acid polymer","volume":"28","author":"Taylor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_142","unstructured":"Vachon, D.J., Nordali, S.F., and Walter, D.C. (2017). Antimicrobial And Biological Active Polymer Composites And Related Methods, Materials and Devices. (15\/509,834), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.1995.7.2.90","article-title":"Inhibition of Herpes Simplex Virus Infection by Negatively Charged and Neutral Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"7","author":"MARCHETTI","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_144","unstructured":"Michael, S. (1993). Tempesta Proanthocyanidin polymers having antiviral activity and methods of obtaining same. (5,211,944), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(93)90004-3","article-title":"The antiviral activity of SP-303, a natural polyphenolic polymer, against respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza type 3 viruses in cotton rats","volume":"20","author":"Wyde","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2014.10.008","article-title":"Antiviral effects of polyphenols: Development of bio-based cleaning wipes and filters","volume":"212","author":"Tnani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazarova, O.V., Anan\u2019eva, E.P., Zarubaev, V.V., Sinegubova, E.O., Zolotova, Y.I., Bezrukova, M.A., and Panarin, E.F. (2020). Synthesis and Antibacterial and Antiviral Properties of Silver Nanocomposites Based on Water-Soluble 2-Dialkylaminoethyl Methacrylate Copolymers. Pharm. Chem. J., 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11094-020-02125-x"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Si, Y., Zhang, Z., Wu, W., Fu, Q., Huang, K., Nitin, N., Ding, B., and Sun, G. (2018). Daylight-driven rechargeable antibacterial and antiviral nanofibrous membranes for bioprotective applications. Sci. Adv., 4.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aar5931"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6346","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.9b00781","article-title":"Design, Synthesis, and Anti-RNA Virus Activity of 6\u2032-Fluorinated-Aristeromycin Analogues","volume":"62","author":"Yoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1039\/c3tb00009e","article-title":"Preventing viral infections with polymeric virus catchers: A novel nanotechnological approach to anti-viral therapy","volume":"1","author":"Sankarakumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2006.0015","article-title":"Antimicrobial and antiviral effect of high-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization apllied to human milk","volume":"2","author":"Terpstra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Breastfeed. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-5-2-283","article-title":"Effect of temperature on the multiplication of an Influenza virus","volume":"5","author":"Scholtissek","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.11.6.1409-1412.1975","article-title":"Effect of temperature on survival and growth of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus","volume":"11","author":"Tu","year":"1975","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5932","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.10.5932-5938.1993","article-title":"Effects of temperature and lipophilic agents on poliovirus formation and RNA synthesis in a cell-free system","volume":"67","author":"Molla","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01149","article-title":"Effects of high temperature on pandemic and seasonal human influenza viral replication and infection-induced damage in primary human tracheal epithelial cell cultures","volume":"5","author":"Yamaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2011(74)90014-7","article-title":"Effects of temperature on virus-host relationships and on activity of the noninclusion virus of citrus red mites, Panonychus citri","volume":"24","author":"Reed","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, K.H., Peiris, J.S.M., Lam, S.Y., Poon, L.L.M., Yuen, K.Y., and Seto, W.H. (2011). The effects of temperature and relative humidity on the viability of the SARS coronavirus. Adv. Virol., 2011.","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/734690"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1956.tb02117.x","article-title":"Studies on the Effect of Temperature on Virus Multiplication in Inoculated Leaves","volume":"44","author":"HARRISON","year":"1956","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"1","article-title":"Literature Review of The Effect of Salinity on the Larger Marine Algae","volume":"117","author":"Memarzadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ashrae"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2017.01.065","article-title":"Antiviral properties of silver nanoparticles against norovirus surrogates and their efficacy in coated polyhydroxyalkanoates systems","volume":"79","author":"Randazzo","year":"2017","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46741-4","article-title":"Thermodynamic study of the effect of ions on the interaction between dengue virus NS3 helicase and single stranded RNA","volume":"9","author":"Cababie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1006\/biol.1997.0099","article-title":"Mechanism of inactivation of enveloped viruses by the biosurfactant surfactin from Bacillus subtilis","volume":"25","author":"Vollenbroich","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1999.3483","article-title":"Stabilization of poliovirus by capsid-binding antiviral drugs is due to entropic effects","volume":"296","author":"Tsang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aires, A. (2020). Abstract Tannins as Antiviral Agents. Tannins\u2014Structural Properties, Biological Properties and Current Knowledge, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.80170"}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/12\/8\/1727\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:53:29Z","timestamp":1760176409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/12\/8\/1727"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"references-count":164,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["polym12081727"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym12081727","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]}}}