{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:43:16Z","timestamp":1790887396035,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007064","name":"University of Jaen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Plan de Apoyo a la Investigaci\u00f3n 2019-2020- ACCION1 PAIUJA2019-20: TIC-159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Plan de Apoyo a la Investigaci\u00f3n 2019-2020- ACCION1 PAIUJA2019-20: TIC-159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007064","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the numerical and experimental analysis performed on the polymeric material Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) manufactured with Fused Deposition Modeling Technology (FDM) technology, aiming at obtaining its mechanical characterization under uniaxial compression loads. Firstly, with the objective of evaluating the printing direction that poses a greater mechanical strength, eighteen test specimens were manufactured and analyzed according to the requirements of the ISO-604 standards. After that, a second experimental test analyzed the mechanical behavior of an innovative structural design manufactured in Z and X\u2013Y directions under uniaxial compression loads according to the requirements of the Spanish CTE standard. The experimental results point to a mechanical linear behavior of PETG in X, Y and Z manufacturing directions up to strain levels close to the yield strength point. SEM micrographs show different structural failures linked to the specimen manufacturing directions. Test specimens manufactured along X present a brittle fracture caused by a delamination process. On the contrary, test specimens manufactured along X and Y directions show permanent plastic deformations, great flexibility and less strength under compression loads. Two numerical analyses were performed on the structural part using Young\u2019s compression modulus obtained from the experimental tests and the load specifications required for the Spanish CTE standards. The comparison between numerical and experimental results presents a percentage of relative error of 2.80% (Z-axis), 3.98% (X-axis) and 3.46% (Y-axis), which allows characterizing PETG plastic material manufactured with FDM as an isotropic material in the numerical simulation software without modifying the material modeling equations in the data software. The research presented here is of great help to researchers working with polymers and FDM technology for companies that might need to numerically simulate new designs with the PETG polymer and FDM technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12102202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T08:57:32Z","timestamp":1601024252000},"page":"2202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Experimental and Numerical Analysis for the Mechanical Characterization of PETG Polymers Manufactured with FDM Technology under Pure Uniaxial Compression Stress States for Architectural Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jorge Manuel","family":"Mercado-Colmenero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Graphics Design and Projects, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7982-3576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Dolores","family":"La Rubia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Mata-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Graphics Design and Projects, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moises","family":"Rodriguez-Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Graphics Design and Projects, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5380-4983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Martin-Do\u00f1ate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Graphics Design and Projects, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2012.08.005","article-title":"New methodology for demoldability analysis based on volume discretization algorithms","volume":"45","author":"Paramio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput.-Aided Des."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-018-2080-0","article-title":"A new procedure for calculating cycle time in injection molding based on plastic part geometry recognition","volume":"98","author":"Karlinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2018.06.001","article-title":"A new method for the automated design of cooling systems in injection molds","volume":"104","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput.-Aided Des."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2018.11.001","article-title":"Polymeric composites for powder-based additive manufacturing: Materials and applications","volume":"91","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2017.02.004","article-title":"Fundamentals and applications of 3D printing for novel materials","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazmer, D. (2017). Three-dimensional printing of plastics. Applied Plastics Engineering Handbook, William Andrew Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-39040-8.00029-8"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6941","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.23734","article-title":"Vinyl esters: Low cytotoxicity monomers for the fabrication of biocompatible 3D scaffolds by lithography based additive manufacturing","volume":"47","author":"Heller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, C., Li, S., Shi, S., Li, X., Hu, X., Zhu, Q., and Ward, R.M. (2020). Effect of processing parameters on surface roughness, porosity and cracking of as-built IN738LC parts fabricated by laser powder bed fusion. J. Mater. Process. Technol., 116788.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2020.116788"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2020.01.015","article-title":"A review of fabrication polymer scaffolds for biomedical applications using additive manufacturing techniques","volume":"40","author":"Szymczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biocybern. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-07-2018-0183","article-title":"Optimising the FDM additive manufacturing process to achieve maximum tensile strength: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"25","author":"Gordelier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2014.02.038","article-title":"Mechanical properties of components fabricated with open-source 3-D printers under realistic environmental conditions","volume":"58","author":"Tymrak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuznetsov, V.E., Solonin, A.N., Urzhumtsev, O.D., Schilling, R., and Tavitov, A.G. (2018). Strength of PLA Components Fabricated with Fused Deposition Technology Using a Desktop 3D Printer as a Function of Geometrical Parameters of the Process. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201803.0036.v1"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuznetsov, V.E., Tavitov, A.G., Urzhumtsev, O.D., Mikhalin, M.V., and Solonin, A.N. (2019). Design and Fabrication of Strong Parts from Poly (Lactic Acid) with a Desktop 3D Printer: A Case with Interrupted Shell. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11050760"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-018-03235-3","article-title":"A new conformal cooling lattice design procedure for injection molding applications based on expert algorithms","volume":"102","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12071498","article-title":"New Procedure for BIM Characterization of Architectural Models Manufactured Using Fused Deposition Modeling and Plastic Materials in 4.0 Advanced Construction Environments","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.03.011","article-title":"Additive manufacturing as an enabling technology for digital construction: A perspective on Construction 4.0","volume":"103","author":"Craveiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.05.005","article-title":"Additive manufacturing technology and its implementation in construction as an eco-innovative solution","volume":"93","author":"Ghaffar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2018.01.008","article-title":"Flexural Fatigue Properties of Polycarbonate Fused-deposition Modelling Specimens","volume":"141","author":"Alsina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casavola, C., Cazzato, A., Moramarco, V., and Renna, G. (2019). Mechanical behaviour of ABS-Fused Filament Fabrication compounds under impact tensile loadings. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12081295"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-019-03626-0","article-title":"A numerical and experimental study of the compression uniaxial properties of PLA manufactured with FDM technology based on product specifications","volume":"103","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, M., Potgieter, J., Archer, R., and Arif, K.M. (2019). Effect of Material and Process Specific Factors on the Strength of Printed Parts in Fused Filament Fabrication: A Review of Recent Developments. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12101664"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercado-Colmenero, J.M., Martin-Do\u00f1ate, C., Moramarco, V., Attolico, M.A., Renna, G., Rodriguez-Santiago, M., and Casavola, C. (2020). Mechanical Characterization of the Plastic Material GF-PA6 Manufactured Using FDM Technology for a Compression Uniaxial Stress Field via an Experimental and Numerical Analysis. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12010246"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.103611","article-title":"Mechanical properties of polymeric implant materials produced by extrusion-based additive manufacturing","volume":"104","author":"Petersmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2020.00104","article-title":"Mechanical Behavior of PET-G Tooth Aligners Under Cyclic Loading","volume":"7","author":"Cianci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"43","article-title":"Mechanical Properties of Orthodontic Thermoplastics PETG\/PC2858 after Blending","volume":"19","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-019-01544-6","article-title":"Thermal, Rheological and Mechanical Properties of PETG\/rPETG Blends","volume":"27","author":"Dydek","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Kumar, M.A., Khan, M.S., and Mishra, S.B. (2020). Effect of machine parameters on strength and hardness of FDM printed carbon fiber reinforced PETG thermoplastics. Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s11668-019-00631-z","article-title":"Tensile and Fatigue Analysis of 3D-Printed Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol","volume":"19","author":"Dolzyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Fail. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.37358\/MP.19.3.5218","article-title":"Wear Resistance Under High Load Forces of Four Different Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol Vacuum-Formed Orthodontic Retainers","volume":"56","author":"Bratu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Plast."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrios, J.M., and Romero, P.E. (2019). Improvement of Surface Roughness and Hydrophobicity in PETG Parts Manufactured via Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM): An Application in 3D Printed Self\u2013Cleaning Parts. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12152499"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guessasma, S., Belhabib, S., and Nouri, H. (2019). Printability and Tensile Performance of 3D Printed Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol Using Fused Deposition Modelling. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11071220"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.887.128","article-title":"Evaluation of the Effect of Infill Pattern on Mechanical Strength of Additively Manufactured Specimen","volume":"Volume 887","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Materials Science Forum"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"152","article-title":"Characterization of Additive Manufactured PETG and Carbon Fiber\u2014PETG","volume":"4","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Eng. Appl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.821.167","article-title":"Anisotropy Evaluation of Different Raster Directions, Spatial Orientations, and Fill Percentage of 3D Printed PETG Tensile Test Specimens","volume":"821","author":"Hanon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2017.12.058","article-title":"A numerical and experimental study of a new Savonius wind rotor adaptation based on product design requirements","volume":"158","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2020, September 24). Beautiful Star Lounge is One of the World\u2019s Biggest 3D-Printed PLA Structures. Available online: https:\/\/inhabitat.com\/beautiful-star-lounge-is-one-of-the-worlds-biggest-3d-printed-pla-structures\/."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2020, September 24). DUS Architects. Available online: http:\/\/houseofdus.com."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2018.05.020","article-title":"FDM process parameters influence over the mechanical properties of polymer specimens: A review","volume":"69","author":"Popescu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"44","article-title":"Mechanical characterization of 3D-printed polymers","volume":"20","author":"Dizon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2020, September 24). C\u00f3digo T\u00e9cnico de la Edificaci\u00f3n. Available online: https:\/\/www.codigotecnico.org\/."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2020, September 24). Filamento PETG para Impresi\u00f3n 3D. Available online: https:\/\/www.smartmaterials3d.com\/petg."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2020, September 24). Ultimaker 2+ Series: Robust Single Extrusion 3D Printing. Available online: https:\/\/ultimaker.com\/en\/products\/ultimaker-2-plus."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2020, September 24). ISO 604:2002: Plastics\u2014Determination of Compressive Properties. Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/31261.html."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2020, September 24). ISO 5893:2019: Rubber and Plastics Test Equipment\u2014Tensile, Flexural and Compression Types (Constant Rate of Traverse)\u2014Specification. Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/77424.html."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2020, September 24). Structural Analysis Software Solutions. Available online: https:\/\/www.ansys.com\/products\/structures."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/12\/10\/2202\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:13:40Z","timestamp":1760177620000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/12\/10\/2202"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["polym12102202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym12102202","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]}}}