{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T01:36:53Z","timestamp":1792287413923,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002724","name":"American University of Sharjah","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OAP-CEN-113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OAP-CEN-113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002724","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Khansaheb Industries","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phenol\u2013formaldehyde (PF) resin continues to dominate the resin industry more than 100 years after its first synthesis. Its versatile properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, fire resistance, and dimensional stability make it a suitable material for a wide range of applications. PF resins have been used in the wood industry as adhesives, in paints and coatings, and in the aerospace, construction, and building industries as composites and foams. Currently, petroleum is the key source of raw materials used in manufacturing PF resin. However, increasing environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion have driven industries to seek sustainable alternatives to petroleum based raw materials. Over the past decade, researchers have replaced phenol and formaldehyde with sustainable materials such as lignin, tannin, cardanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, and glyoxal to produce bio-based PF resin. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards improving the properties of bio-based phenolic resin. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of PF resins, particularly those created from sustainable raw material substitutes, and modifications applied to the synthetic route in order to improve the mechanical properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12102237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T20:03:02Z","timestamp":1601323382000},"page":"2237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":238,"title":["Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"P. R.","family":"Sarika","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Nancarrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman","family":"Khansaheb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khansaheb Industries, Airport Road, Rashidiya, PO Box 13, Dubai, UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taleb","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28924","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA06487G","article-title":"Research status, industrial application demand and prospects of phenolic resin","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"47","article-title":"Application and development trend of phenolic resin","volume":"22","author":"Xue","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thermosetting Resin"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2012.07.003","article-title":"Phenolic resins\u2014100 years of progress and their future","volume":"73","author":"Hirano","year":"2013","journal-title":"React. 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