{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:46:23Z","timestamp":1792716383402,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gelatin microsphere (GM) provides an attractive option for tissue engineering due to its versatility, as reported by various studies. This review presents the history, characteristics of, and the multiple approaches to, the production of GM, and in particular, the water in oil emulsification technique. Thereafter, the application of GM as a drug delivery system for cartilage diseases is introduced. The review then focusses on the emerging application of GM as a carrier for cells and biologics, and biologics delivery within a cartilage construct. The influence of GM on chondrocytes in terms of promoting chondrocyte proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation is highlighted. Furthermore, GM seeded with cells has been shown to have a high tendency to form aggregates; hence the concept of using GM seeded with cells as the building block for the formation of a complex tissue construct. Despite the advancement in GM research, some issues must still be addressed, particularly the improvement of GM\u2019s ability to home to defect sites. As such, the strategy of intraarticular injection of GM seeded with antibody-coated cells is proposed. By addressing this in future studies, a better-targeted delivery system, that would result in more effective intervention, can be achieved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12102404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T20:44:41Z","timestamp":1603140281000},"page":"2404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Gelatin Microsphere for Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Current and Future Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2148-6575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shamsul Bin","family":"Sulaiman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Clinical Block, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruszymah Binti Haji","family":"Idrus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Clinical Block, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5791-639X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ng Min","family":"Hwei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Clinical Block, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23176","article-title":"Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part II","volume":"58","author":"Lawrence","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(11)70058-X","article-title":"Biomaterials & scaffolds for tissue engineering","volume":"14","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENG.2017.01.010","article-title":"Recent Progress in Cartilage Tissue Engineering\u2014Our Experience and Future Directions","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.08.024","article-title":"The clinical status of cartilage tissue regeneration in humans","volume":"21","author":"Mollon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cart."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.07.028","article-title":"Application of scaffold materials in tissue reconstruction in immunocompetent mammals: Our experience and future requirements","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-011-9401-y","article-title":"Enhanced production of human recombinant proteins from CHO cells grown to high densities in macroporous microcarriers","volume":"49","author":"Tharmalingam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2015.09.003","article-title":"Cell-laden Polymeric Microspheres for Biomedical Applications","volume":"33","author":"Leong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-973X.127738","article-title":"Preparation and evaluation of chitosan microspheres containing nicorandil","volume":"4","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2014.05.001","article-title":"Preparation of alginate microspheres by water-in-oil emulsion method for drug delivery: Effect of Ca2+ post-cross-linking","volume":"25","author":"Baimark","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2006.11.021","article-title":"Silk microspheres for encapsulation and controlled release","volume":"117","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3109\/10611861003733979","article-title":"Development of gelatin microspheres loaded with diclofenac sodium for intra-articular administration","volume":"19","author":"Saravanan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.09.044","article-title":"Current advances in electrospun gelatin-based scaffolds for tissue engineering applications","volume":"523","author":"Aldana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"330","article-title":"Gelatin Nanoparticles and Their Biofunctionalization","volume":"1","author":"Kommareddy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357991772925","article-title":"Gelatin Behaviour in Dilute Aqueous Solution: Designing a Nanoparticulate Formulation","volume":"51","author":"Farrugia","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3109\/08982109609037204","article-title":"How do polymers prolong circulation time of liposomes?","volume":"6","author":"Torchilin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600520714","article-title":"A new oral gelatinized sustained-release dosage form","volume":"52","author":"Tanaka","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(79)90031-0","article-title":"Increased lymphatic delivery of bleomycin by microsphere in oil emulsion and its effect on lymph node metastasis","volume":"2","author":"Matsuru","year":"1979","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01065398","article-title":"An application of water-in-oil and gelatin-microsphere-in-oil emulsions to specific delivery of anticancer agent into stomach lymphatics","volume":"5","author":"Hashida","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1968.tb09801.x","article-title":"Gelatin coacervate microcapsules containing sulphamerazine: Their preparation and the in vitro release of the drug","volume":"20","author":"Nixon","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(94)00024-H","article-title":"Potentiality of gelatin microsphere as immunological adjuvant","volume":"13","author":"Nakaoka","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"422","article-title":"Synthesis of Gelatin Microspheres Containing Interferon","volume":"6","author":"Tabata","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pharm. Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-020-01678-0","article-title":"Quality Risk Management and Quality by Design for the Development of Diclofenac Sodium Intra-articular Gelatin Microspheres","volume":"21","author":"Nakas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aaps Pharmscitech"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.30647","article-title":"Porous gelatin\u2013chondroitin\u2013hyaluronate tri-copolymer scaffold containing microspheres loaded with TGF-\u03b21 induces differentiation of mesenchymal stem cellsin vivo for enhancing cartilage repair","volume":"77A","author":"Fan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-014-9561-9","article-title":"Cartilage Regeneration of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in the TGF-\u03b21-Immobilized PLGA-Gelatin Scaffold","volume":"11","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1080\/02652040701433479","article-title":"Preparation and evaluation of biodegradable flubiprofen gelatin micro-spheres for intra-articular administration","volume":"24","author":"Lu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2012-0039","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Regulation of Chondrogenic Differentiation with Controlled Delivery of Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b21 from Gelatin Microspheres in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Aggregates","volume":"1","author":"Solorio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173814","article-title":"Implantable porous gelatin microspheres sustained release of bFGF and improved its neuroprotective effect on rats after spinal cord injury","volume":"12","author":"Lan","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.02.015","article-title":"The effect of the dosage of NT-3\/chitosan carriers on the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s11705-018-1729-4","article-title":"Recent research and development of PLGA\/PLA microspheres\/nanoparticles: A review in scientific and industrial aspects","volume":"13","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Chem. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-010-4054-0","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of collagen microspheres for sustained release of VEGF","volume":"21","author":"Nagai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.10.038","article-title":"Skeletal myogenic differentiation of urine-derived stem cells and angiogenesis using microbeads loaded with growth factors","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorgieva, S., and Kokol, V. (2011). Collagen- vs. Gelatine-Based Biomaterials and Their Biocompatibility: Review and Perspectives. Biomaterials Applications for Nanomedicine, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/24118"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31394","article-title":"RGD modified PLGA\/gelatin microspheres as microcarriers for chondrocyte delivery","volume":"91","author":"Tan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res.\u2013Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.45","article-title":"A growth factor delivery system for chondrogenic induction of infrapatellar fat pad-derived stem cells in fibrin hydrogels","volume":"58","author":"Ahearne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"17","article-title":"Design and In-vitro Evaluation of Gelatin Microspheres of Salbutamol Sulphate","volume":"1","author":"Jayan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hygeia"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.02.045","article-title":"Biodegradable gelatin microspheres enhance the neuroprotective potency of osteopontin via quick and sustained release in the post-ischemic brain","volume":"10","author":"Jin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3109\/02652049009021834","article-title":"Controlled release of nifedipine from gelatin microspheres and microcapsules: In vitro kinetics and pharmacokinetics in man","volume":"7","author":"Leucuta","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.09.019","article-title":"Gelatin-based nanoparticles as drug and gene delivery systems: Reviewing three decades of research","volume":"172","author":"Elzoghby","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/026520400288427","article-title":"Gelatin nanoparticles by two step desolvation a new preparation method, surface modifications and cell uptake","volume":"17","author":"Coester","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2010.04.008","article-title":"Matrix-loaded biodegradable gelatin nanoparticles as new approach to improve drug loading and delivery","volume":"76","author":"Ofokansi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"149","article-title":"Synthesis of Gelatin Nanoparticles via Simple Coacervation","volume":"21","author":"Mohanty","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Surf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-012-4818-9","article-title":"Gelatin microparticles aggregates as three-dimensional scaffolding system in cartilage engineering","volume":"24","author":"Sardinha","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21561","article-title":"The therapeutic effects of basic fibroblast growth factor contained in gelatin hydrogel microspheres on experimental osteoarthritis in the rabbit knee","volume":"54","author":"Inoue","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.9755\/ejfa.v24i1.10594","article-title":"Study of olive oil-in-water emulsions with protein emulsifiers","volume":"24","author":"Nikovska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emir. J. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3163","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2012.0551","article-title":"Driving Cartilage Formation in High-Density Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Aggregate and Sheet Constructs Without Exogenous Growth Factor Delivery","volume":"20","author":"Dang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1021\/bm7013203","article-title":"Gelatin microspheres containing TGF-\u03b23 enhance the chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells in modified pellet culture","volume":"9","author":"Fan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2013.11.040","article-title":"Promotion of tracheal cartilage growth by intra-tracheal injection of basic fi broblast growth factor ( b-FGF )","volume":"49","author":"Komura","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.301.1.59","article-title":"New cytokine delivery system using gelatin microspheres containing interleukin-10 for experimental inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"301","author":"Nakase","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Exp."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2012.690733","article-title":"Ocular drug delivery system: A reference to natural polymers","volume":"9","author":"Pahuja","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199812)41:12<2185::AID-ART13>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Gelatin\/chondroitin 6-sulfate microspheres for the delivery of therapeutic proteins to the joint","volume":"41","author":"Brown","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3109\/1061186X.2012.745549","article-title":"Formulation and evaluation of flurbiprofen-loaded genipin cross-linked gelatin microspheres for intra-articular delivery","volume":"21","author":"Kawadkar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 receptor type 2-selective agonist prevents the degeneration of articular cartilage in rabbit knees with traumatic instability","volume":"13","author":"Mitsui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-017-0318-3","article-title":"Localized delivery of curcumin from injectable gelatin\/Thai silk fibroin microspheres for anti-inflammatory treatment of osteoarthritis in a rat model","volume":"25","author":"Ratanavaraporn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.10.047","article-title":"A temperature-cured dissolvable gelatin microsphere-based cell carrier for chondrocyte delivery in a hydrogel scaffolding system","volume":"9","author":"Leong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(97)00050-1","article-title":"Polypeptide growth factors: Targeted delivery systems","volume":"18","author":"Nimni","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-005-0052-y","article-title":"Effects of intraarticular administration of basic fibroblast growth factor with hyaluronic acid on osteochondral defects of the knee in rabbits","volume":"125","author":"Miyakoshi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-010-0172-5","article-title":"Treatment of experimental osteonecrosis of the hip in adult rabbits with a single local injection of recombinant human FGF-2 microspheres","volume":"28","author":"Kuroda","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Metab."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2006.0042","article-title":"Intervertebral Disc Regeneration Using Platelet-Rich Plasma and Biodegradable Gelatin Hydrogel Microspheres","volume":"13","author":"Nagae","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"201","article-title":"Intraarticular administration of platelet-rich plasma with biodegradable gelatin hydrogel microspheres prevents osteoarthritis progression in the rabbit knee","volume":"27","author":"Saito","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.03.039","article-title":"Gelatin microspheres releasing transforming growth factor drive in vitro chondrogenesis of human periosteum derived cells in micromass culture","volume":"90","author":"Kudva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36852","article-title":"Bioresponsive microspheres for on-demand delivery of anti-inflammatory cytokines for articular cartilage repair","volume":"108","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res.\u2013Part A"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.05.083","article-title":"Delivery of TGF-\u03b21 and chondrocytes via injectable, biodegradable hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering applications","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1177\/039139880602900610","article-title":"Ectopic cartilage formation induced by mesenchymal stem cells on porous gelatin-chondroitin-hyaluronate scaffold containing microspheres loaded with TGF-\u03b21","volume":"29","author":"Fan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.3727\/000000007783465181","article-title":"Comparison of chondral defects repair with in vitro and in vivo differentiated mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"16","author":"Fan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Transpl."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2012.08.008","article-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta TGF- \u03b2 family signaling in stem cells","volume":"1830","author":"Katsuno","year":"2013","journal-title":"BBA\u2013Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sulaiman, S., Chowdhury, S.R., Fauzi, M.B., Rani, R.A., Yahaya, N.H.M., Tabata, Y., Hiraoka, Y., Binti Haji Idrus, R., and Min Hwei, N. (2020). 3D Culture of MSCs on a Gelatin Microsphere in a Dynamic Culture System Enhances Chondrogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082688"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/00004669-199701000-00009","article-title":"Biomaterials Science","volume":"22","author":"Rattier","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Eng."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1159\/000235547","article-title":"Enhanced chondrogenesis of adipose-derived stem cells by the controlled release of transforming growth factor-\u03b21 from hybrid microspheres","volume":"55","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.09.026","article-title":"Cell surface glycoengineering improves selectin-mediated adhesion of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs): Pilot validation in porcine ischemia-reperfusion model","volume":"74","author":"Lo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.03.038","article-title":"Biomaterials Targeting mesenchymal stem cells to activated endothelial cells","volume":"30","author":"Ko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2003.12.002","article-title":"Targeted delivery of progenitor cells for cartilage repair","volume":"22","author":"Dennis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/12\/10\/2404\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:23:51Z","timestamp":1760178231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/12\/10\/2404"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["polym12102404"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym12102404","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]]}}}