{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T18:36:42Z","timestamp":1769193402438,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003447","name":"State Scholarships Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MIS-5000432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIS-5000432"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003447","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper utilizes the advanced potential of pseudodynamic three-dimensional finite-element modeling to study the axial mechanical behavior of square and rectangular reinforced concrete columns, confined with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) jackets and continuous composite ropes in seismic applications. The rigorous and versatile Riedel-Hiermaier-Thoma (RHT) material model for concrete is suitably calibrated\/modified to reproduce the variable behavior of characteristic retrofitted columns with deficient internal steel reinforcement detailing, suffering nonuniform local concrete cracking and crushing or bulging and bar buckling. Similarly, the 3D FRP jacket or rope confinement models may account for damage distribution, local fracture initiation and different interfacial bonding conditions. The satisfactory accuracy of the reproduced experimental stress-strain envelope behavior enables the analytical investigation of several critical design parameters that are difficult to measure reliably during experiments. Additional parametric analyses are conducted to assess the effects of steel quality. The significant variation of the field of developed strains on the FRP jacket at the ultimate and of the developed strains and deformations on steel cages among different columns are thoroughly investigated. This advanced analytical insight may be directly utilized to address missing critical parameters and allow for more reliable FRP retrofit design of seismic resistant reinforced concrete (RC) columns. Further, it allows for arbitrary 3D seismic analysis of columns (loading, unloading, cyclic or loading rate effects or preloading) or addresses predamages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12112546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T21:34:47Z","timestamp":1604093687000},"page":"2546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["3D Finite Element Pseudodynamic Analysis of Deficient RC Rectangular Columns Confined with Fiber Reinforced Polymers under Axial Compression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0439-1104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodora D.","family":"Fanaradelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Reinforced Concrete and Seismic Design of Structures, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace (D.U.Th.), 67100 Xanthi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theodoros C.","family":"Rousakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Reinforced Concrete and Seismic Design of Structures, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace (D.U.Th.), 67100 Xanthi, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2007.03.009","article-title":"Behaviour of reinforced concrete rectangular columns strengthened using GFRP","volume":"29","author":"Kumutha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cem. 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