{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:17:16Z","timestamp":1790803036557,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Applied Forest Sciences Rottenburg (HFR)","award":["The mutual project BWU\u2010FOKO with the Ukrainian National Forestry University"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["The mutual project BWU\u2010FOKO with the Ukrainian National Forestry University"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There are a lack of proper adhesives that meet the wood industry requirements of being environmentally friendly, low cost, and easy to use; thus, the application of thermoplastic polymers, especially films, is promising. This work expands our knowledge about the possibility of using thermoplastic films for the production of environmentally friendly plywood. The effects of the adhesives type and wood species on the properties of plastic film bonded plywood were studied. Sliced veneers of two hardwoods (birch and beech) and one softwood (spruce) were used in the experiments. Three types of thermoplastic films\u2014low-density polyethylene (LDPE), co-polyamide (CoPA), and co-polyester (CoPE)\u2014were used as an adhesive for bonding plywood samples. Melamine\u2013urea\u2013formaldehyde (MUF) resin was used as a reference. The influence of the type of adhesive and wood species as well as their interaction on the properties of plywood was significant. The lowest bonding strength demonstrated plywood samples bonded by LDPE, and the highest bonding strength in the samples was shown in those bonded by CoPA. A significant difference was found between softwoods and hardwoods in terms of their influence on the physical and mechanical properties of plywood samples. From the obtained data, it follows that softwoods provide much lower values of bending strength (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and bonding strength than hardwoods. The obtained bonding strength values of plastic-bonded plywood panels ranged from 1.18 to 2.51 MPa and met the European standard EN 314-2 for Class 1 (dry conditions) plywood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12112582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T20:46:52Z","timestamp":1604436412000},"page":"2582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Properties of Thermoplastic-Bonded Plywood: Effects of the Wood Species and Types of the Thermoplastic Films"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4320-5247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavlo","family":"Bekhta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wood-Based Composites, Cellulose, and Paper, Ukrainian National Forestry University, 79057 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Applied Forest Sciences Rottenburg, 72108 Rottenburg am Neckar, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilona","family":"Hunko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wood-Based Composites, Cellulose, and Paper, Ukrainian National Forestry University, 79057 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (2020, August 11). FAO Yearbook of Forest Products 2018. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/cb0513m\/CB0513M.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pizzi, A., and Mittal, K.L. (2003). Adhesives in the wood industry. Handbook of Adhesive Technology, Marcel Dekker, Inc.. [2nd ed.]. Revised and Expanded.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203912225"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"53","article-title":"Adhesives based on formaldehyde\u2014Environmental problems","volume":"98","author":"Tabernacka","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioTechnologia"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2006). Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans, Formaldehyde, 2\u2013Butoxyethanol and 1\u2013tert\u2013Butoxypropan\u20132\u2013ol; World Health Organization\u2014International Agency for Research on Cancer."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Roffael, E. (1982). Die Formaldehydabgabe von Spanplatten und anderen Werkstoffen [The Release of Formaldehyde from Particleboards and Other Materials], DRW\u2013Verlag."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"35","article-title":"How mole ratio of UF resin affects formaldehyde emission and other properties: A literature critique","volume":"34","author":"Myers","year":"1984","journal-title":"For. Prod. J."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"41","article-title":"Effects of post\u2013manufacture board treatments on formaldehyde emission: A literature review (1960\u20131984)","volume":"36","author":"Myers","year":"1986","journal-title":"For. Prod. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.200600213","article-title":"Effect of Bio-Scavengers on the Curing Behavior and Bonding Properties of Melamine-Formaldehyde Resins","volume":"291","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"161","article-title":"Zeolite as a filler of UF resin for lower formaldehyde emission from plywood","volume":"70","author":"Kmec","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Warsaw Univ. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-009-0379-0","article-title":"Characterization of a formaldehyde\u2013free cornstarch\u2013tannin wood adhesive for interior plywood","volume":"68","author":"Moubarik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2568","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.8.2.2568-2582","article-title":"The effects of sealing treatment and wood species on formaldehyde emission of plywood","volume":"8","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1080\/01694243.2012.739016","article-title":"Reduction of formaldehyde emission from plywood","volume":"27","author":"Gangi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Sorensen, R. (July, January 26). Dry film gluing in plywood manufacture. Proceedings of the Semi-Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1177\/0731684408093877","article-title":"Mechanical and Physical Properties of Wood-Plastic Composite Panels","volume":"29","author":"Chaharmahali","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Reinf. Plast. Comp."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niska, K., and Sain, M. (2008). Wood-Polymer Composites, Woodhead Publishing Limited.","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845694579"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3176\/proc.2012.3.10","article-title":"Use of innovative environmentally friendly adhesives for wood veneer bonding","volume":"61","author":"Kajaks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Est. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bekhta, P., and Sedlia\u010dik, J. (2019). Environmentally-Friendly High-Density Polyethylene-Bonded Plywood Panels. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11071166"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s11632-010-0401-y","article-title":"Research on utilizing recycled plastic to make environment-friendly plywood","volume":"12","author":"Cui","year":"2010","journal-title":"For. Stud. China"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"283","article-title":"Manufacture of environmentally friendly plywood bonded with plastic film","volume":"63","author":"Fang","year":"2013","journal-title":"For. Prod. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3318","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.11.2.3318-3331","article-title":"Developing and evaluating composites based on plantation eucalyptus rotary-cut veneer and high-density polyethylene film as novel building materials","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"517","article-title":"Effects of press parameters on some technological properties of polystyrene composite plywood","volume":"17","author":"Demirkir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kast. Univ. J. For. Fac."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.12.1.571-585","article-title":"Assessing the tensile shear strength and interfacial bonding mechanism of poplar plywood with high-density polyethylene films as adhesive","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"228","article-title":"Utilization of polypropylene film as an adhesive to prepare formaldehyde-free, weather-resistant plywood-like composites: Process optimization, performance evaluation, and interface modification","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-016-1117-z","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of HDPE resins as adhesives in plywood","volume":"76","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"14","article-title":"Use of polyethylene as an additive in plywood adhesive","volume":"26","author":"Oh","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Korean Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-1439.010615","article-title":"Production and properties of a new wood laminated veneer\/high-density polyethylene composite board","volume":"18","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-013-0733-0","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of wood-plastic plywood bonded with high density polyethylene film","volume":"71","author":"Fang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-010-0418-x","article-title":"Application of polystyrene as binder for veneers bonding\u2014The effect of pressing parameters","volume":"68","author":"Borysiuk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.10242","article-title":"Effect of surface properties on the adhesion between PVC and wood veneer laminates","volume":"38","author":"Matuana","year":"1998","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8320","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.12.4.8320-8339","article-title":"Preparation and properties of new plywood composites made from surface modified veneers and polyvinyl chloride films","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2011.04.005","article-title":"The preparation and application of a new formaldehyde-free adhesive for plywood","volume":"31","author":"Tang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-011-0525-3","article-title":"A new formaldehyde-free adhesive for plywood made by in-situ chlorinating grafting of MAH onto HDPE","volume":"70","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"12","article-title":"Study on hot-press process factors of wood-plastic composite plywood","volume":"6","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wood Process. Mach."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10086-003-0624-9","article-title":"Vibrational properties of wood plastic plywood","volume":"51","author":"Hu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Wood Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"114","article-title":"Usage of Ecologically Perspective Adhesives for Wood Bonding","volume":"22","author":"Grinbergs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. J. Riga Tech. Univ. Mater. Sci. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2013.10.098","article-title":"Influence of silane surface modification of veneer on interfacial adhesion of wood\u2013plastic plywood","volume":"288","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10086-016-1589-9","article-title":"Effects of surface modification methods on mechanical and interfacial properties of high-density polyethylene-bonded wood veneer composites","volume":"63","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Wood Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"99","article-title":"Some mechanical properties of plywood produced from eucalyptus, beech, and poplar veneer","volume":"16","author":"Bal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Maderas Cienc. Tecnol."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"EN 315 (2000). Plywood. Tolerances for Dimensions, European Committee for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"EN 323 (1993). Wood-Based Panels\u2014Determination of Density, European Committee for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"EN 310 (1993). Wood-Based Panels\u2014Determination of Modulus of Elasticity in Bending and of Bending Strength, European Committee for Standartiztion."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"EN 302-1 (2004). Adhesives for Load-Bearing Timber Structures\u2014Test Methods\u2014Part 1: Determination of Bond Strength in Longitudinal Tensile Shear Strength, European Committee for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"EN 314-1 (2004). Plywood\u2014Bonding Quality\u2014Part 1: Test Methods, European Committee for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"EN 314-2 (1993). Plywood\u2014Bonding Quality\u2014Part 2: Requirements, European Committee for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"EN 317 (1993). Particleboards and Fibreboards. Determination of Swelling in Thickness after Immersion in Water, European Committee for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-009-0333-1","article-title":"Properties of laboratory made yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) laminated veneer lumber: Effect of the adhesives","volume":"67","author":"Shukla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"419","article-title":"Effect of Adhesive Content and Modification Method on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Eucalyptus Veneer\u2013Poly-\u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate Film Composites","volume":"68","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"For. Prod. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-004-0464-3","article-title":"A comparative study on some physical and mechanical properties of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) produced from beech (Fagus orientalis L.) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis dehn.) veneers","volume":"62","author":"Salih","year":"2004","journal-title":"Holz Roh Werkst."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"99","article-title":"Comparing the resistance and bending in the plywood which each made with different glues","volume":"18","author":"Esen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Inst. Sci. Technol. Dumlup\u0131nar Univ."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Ugolev, B.N. (2007). Drevesinovedenie i Lesnoe Tovarovedenie [Wood Science and Forest Commodity Science], GOU VPO MGUL."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Glass, S.V., and Zelinka, S.L. (2010). Moisture Relations and Physical Properties of Wood. Wood Handbook\u2014Wood as an Engineering Material, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-190; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. Chapter 4, 4\u20131\u20134\u201319."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Kretschmann, D.E. (2010). Mechanical Properties of Wood. Wood Handbook\u2014Wood as an Engineering Material. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-190, Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. Chapter 5, 5\u20131\u20135\u201346."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Frihart, C.R., and Hunt, C.G. (2010). Adhesives with Wood Materials: Bond Formation and Performance. Wood Handbook\u2014Wood as an Engineering Material, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-190; Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. Chapter 10."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s11029-010-9120-7","article-title":"The use of polyolefins-based hot melts for wood bonding","volume":"45","author":"Kajaks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mech. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-7496(01)00055-0","article-title":"Wood-thermoplastic adhesive interface\u2014Method of characterization and results","volume":"22","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhesion Adhes."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00353157","article-title":"Studies on wood gluing. XIII: Gluability and scanning electron microscopic study of wood-polypropylene bonding","volume":"16","author":"Goto","year":"1982","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"16","article-title":"Adhesion characteristics and anatomic scanning of plywood bonded by high density polyethylene","volume":"25","author":"Han","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Korean Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"559","article-title":"Adhesion Performance of Plywoods Prepared with Different Layering Methods of Thermoplastic Resin Films","volume":"45","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Korean Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"257","article-title":"Comparison of some technical properties of plywood produced from beech, okoume and poplar rotary cut veneers in different combinations","volume":"5","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Polytechnic"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"458","article-title":"Some mechanical properties of plywood produced using with polyethylene as adhesive from different wood species","volume":"17","author":"Demir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kast. Univ. J. For. Fac."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/17480272.2014.923042","article-title":"Effect of thermomechanical densification on surface roughness of wood veneers","volume":"9","author":"Bekhta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wood Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"57","article-title":"Effect of veneer surface roughness on glue-bond quality in Southern pine plywood","volume":"36","author":"Faust","year":"1986","journal-title":"For. Prod. J."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"15","article-title":"Investigations of surface roughness of sliced Walnut and Beech veneers produced in Turkey","volume":"51","author":"Kantay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. For. Fac. Univ. Istanbul Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"67","article-title":"Relating traditional surface roughness measures to gluebond quality in plywood","volume":"54","author":"Neese","year":"2004","journal-title":"For. Prod. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00386406","article-title":"A review of thickness swelling in particleboard","volume":"4","author":"Halligan","year":"1970","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowell, R.M. (2005). Cell Wall Chemistry. Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites, CRC Press LLC.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203492437"}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/12\/11\/2582\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:28:37Z","timestamp":1760178517000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/12\/11\/2582"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["polym12112582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym12112582","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]]}}}