{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:24:02Z","timestamp":1760239442419,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The article presents the design of the upper limb joints of an anthropometric dummy intended for rear crash tests for low impact speeds. These joints represent the connection of the hand to the forearm, the forearm to the arm, and the arm to the shoulder. The designed joint is adapted to the construction of a dummy representing the 50th percentile male. The joints currently used on Hybrid III dummies require calibration after each crash test. The construction of the new joint ensures the appropriate strength of individual joint elements and the repeatable value of the joint characteristics without the need for frequent calibrations. The designed joints have the ability to set a variable stiffness characteristic, thanks to which it is possible to use this joint universally in dummies representing populations of other percentile sizes. The range of movement of the joints has been selected to reflect the range of mobility of the upper limb of an adult. The characteristics of the joints were compared with those used in the joints of the Hybrid III 50 percentile male dummy. Moreover, it should be noted that the constructed joints of the upper limb are made by hand; therefore, their comparison with the Hybrid III dummy shows some deviations in the moments of resistance. Making the joints with a 3D printer, taking into account the appropriate material, will ensure greater accuracy and will also result in joining the individual elements of the joint into a whole. The obtained results show slight differences between the moment of resistance in the joints of the constructed anthropometric dummy compared to the hybrid III dummy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12112641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T20:29:36Z","timestamp":1605040176000},"page":"2641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Upper Limb Design of an Anthropometric Crash Test Dummy for Low Impact Rates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0032-9477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Ja\u015bkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automotive Engineering and Transport, Kielce University of Technology, 25-340 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1899-4712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damian","family":"Frej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automotive Engineering and Transport, Kielce University of Technology, 25-340 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9456-2316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Tarnapowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechatronics and Electrical Engineering, Maritime University of Szczecin, 70-500 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milos","family":"Poliak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Road and Urban Transport, University of \u017dilina, 010-26 \u017dilina, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, July 19). Road Safety Statistics 2018: What is Behind the Figures?. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/en\/MEMO_19_1990."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"224","article-title":"Wp\u0142yw Pr\u0119dko\u015bci Pojazd\u00f3w Na Wielko\u015b\u0107 Uszkodze\u0144 Podczas Zderzenia","volume":"16","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autobusy Tech. Eksploat. Syst. Transp."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2020, July 19). There Are More Rearward Collisions than Frontal Collisions! How to Prevent such Dangerous Events?. Available online: https:\/\/www.se.pl\/auto\/porady\/uderzen-w-tyl-jest-wiecej-niz-zderzen-czolowych-jak-zapobiegac-takim-niebezpiecznym-zdarzeniom-aa-TrHV-HuDF-Vnnt.html."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2020, July 19). Road Traffic Injuries and Deaths\u2014A Global Problem, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/injury\/features\/global-road-safety\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2020, July 19). Road Accidents. Available online: https:\/\/www.policja.pl\/pol\/form\/1,dok.html."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"20","article-title":"Wypadkowe Dane Statystyczne Na Polskich Drogach W Latach 2001\u20132016","volume":"18","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autobusy Technika Eksploatacja Systemy Transportowe"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.14669\/AM.VOL80.ART12","article-title":"Analysis of the influence of the car impact velocity on the loads of the dummies in the front and rear seats","volume":"81","year":"2018","journal-title":"Archives Automot. Eng.\u2014Archiwum Motoryzacji"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2018). Global Status Report on Road Safety 2018, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2020, July 19). Road Accidents Are the Leading Cause of Death for Young People. WHO Is Sounding the Alarm in the Latest Report. Available online: https:\/\/moto.pl."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2020, July 19). Road Mortality Statistics in the, EU. Available online: https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/news\/pl\/headlines\/society\/20190410STO36615\/statystyki-smiertelnosci-na-drogach-w-ue-infografika."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2020, July 19). Europe has Broken Another Record. It Is about the Number of Fatalities in Accidents. Available online: https:\/\/www.wyborkierowcow.pl."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.14669\/AM.VOL88.ART3","article-title":"Application of Rectification Method for Processing of Documentation from the Place of Road Accident","volume":"88","author":"Ballay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Archives Automot. Eng.\u2014Archiwum Motoryzacji"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.14669\/AM.VOL76.ART5","article-title":"Influence of selected design parameters of the composite-foam cover rail on the course of the TB11 crash test of a road safety barrier forming a horizontal concave arc","volume":"76","author":"Nycz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Archives Automot. Eng.\u2014Archiwum Motoryzacji"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2020, July 19). Communication from the Commission to The European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and The Committee of the Regions Europe on the Move Sustainable Mobility for Europe: Safe, Connected and Clean. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/PL\/TXT\/?uri=COM:2018:293:FIN."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2020, July 19). Health Risks When Travelling. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/q-a-detail\/health- risks -when-traveling."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2020, July 19). Stockholm Declaration Third Global Ministerial Conference on Road Safety: Achieving Global Goals 2030 Stockholm. Available online: https:\/\/www.roadsafetysweden.com\/about-the-conference\/stockholm-declaration\/."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2020, July 19). Safe Roads in Europe. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/poland\/news\/200612_roads_pl."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.14669\/AM.VOL84.ART5","article-title":"Technological and organisational challenges for e-mobility","volume":"84","author":"Hyb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archives Automot. Eng.\u2014Archiwum Motoryzacji"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohan, P., Marzougui, D., and Kan, C. (2009). Development and Validation of Hybrid III Crash Test Dummy, SAE International. SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-0473.","DOI":"10.4271\/2009-01-0473"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2011.587066","article-title":"Modeling Occupants in Far-Side Impacts","volume":"12","author":"Douglas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"205","article-title":"A New THOR Shoulder Design, A Comparison with Volunteers, the Hybrid III, and THOR NT","volume":"8","author":"Holmqvist","year":"2008","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(74)90352-4","article-title":"Dummies for crash testing motor cars","volume":"5","author":"Haslegrave","year":"1974","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"247","article-title":"Analiza statystyk dotycz\u0105cych wypadk\u00f3w drogowych w Polsce w latach 2005\u20132015","volume":"18","author":"Kluszczyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autobusy: Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Gibbs, J., and Wang, Z.J. (2017). Adjustable Friction Joint Assembly for Crash Test Dummy. (No 9754514B2), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2020, July 19). User Manuals. Available online: https:\/\/humanetics.humaneticsgroup.com."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.14669\/AM.VOL86.ART8","article-title":"Analysis of vertical vibrations affecting a child transported in a child seat during a car passing over the release speed bump","volume":"86","author":"Frej","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archives Automot. Eng.\u2014Archiwum Motoryzacji"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2017.1347782","article-title":"Parenteau Ch. S, Burnett R., Prasad P., Occupant responses in conventional and ABTS seats in high-speed rear sled tests","volume":"19","author":"Viano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Wang, Z.J. (2018). Omnidirectional Neck Assembly for Crash Test Dummy. (No. 9972220B2), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kent, R., Shaw, G., Lessley, D., Crandall, J., Kallieris, D., and Svensson, M. (2003). Comparison of Belted Hybrid III, THOR, and Cadaver Thoracic Responses in Oblique Frontal and Full Frontal Sled Tests, JSTOR. Available online: www.jstor.org\/stable\/44745377.","DOI":"10.4271\/2003-01-0160"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parent, D., Craig, M., and Moorhouse, K. (2017). Biofidelity Evaluation of the THOR and Hybrid III 50th Percentile Male Frontal Impact Anthropomorphic Test Devices, SAE International. SAE Technical Paper 2017-22-0009.","DOI":"10.4271\/2017-22-0009"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"McInnis, J.P., Wang, Z.J., Kloppenborg, N.M., Gibbs, J.Q., Benfant, L.M., and Lane, S. (2014). Joint assembly for crash test dummy. (20140294485A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Woley, P.F., and Wolanin, M.J. (1981). Knee joint for anthropomorphic dummy. (4276032A), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2020, July 19). Ranking EU Progresson Road Safety 14th, Road Safety Performance Index Repor. Available online: https:\/\/etsc.eu\/13th-annual-road-safety-performance-index-pin-report\/."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2020, July 19). Road Safety Training, Available online: https:\/\/www.krbrd.gov.pl\/tag\/wypadki-w-polsce\/."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2006.11.068","article-title":"Simulation of crash test for high containment levels of road safety barriers","volume":"14","author":"Borovinsek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2016.1189077","article-title":"Analysis of occupant kinematics and dynamics in nearside oblique impacts","volume":"17","author":"Pipkorn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017buchowski, A. (2017). Seatbelt impact on a child during a frontal collision. Archives Automot. Eng.\u2014Archiwum Motoryzacji, 75.","DOI":"10.14669\/AM.VOL.75.ART7"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2018.06.013","article-title":"Modeling and validation of a detailed FE viscoelastic lumbar spine model for vehicle occupant dummies","volume":"99","author":"Amiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.4271\/2016-01-1540","article-title":"Alternative Approaches to Occupant Response Evaluation in Frontal Impact, Crash Testing","volume":"4","author":"Keon","year":"2016","journal-title":"SAE Int. J. Transp. Saf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohyla, P., Hajnys, J., Sternadelov\u00e1, K., Krej\u010d\u00ed, L., Pag\u00e1\u010d, M., Kone\u010dn\u00e1, K., and Krpec, P. (2020). Analysis of Welded Joint Properties on an AISI316L Stainless Steel Tube Manufactured by SLM Technology. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13194362"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, S.-W., Kim, Y.-S., Yum, Y.-J., and Yang, S.-Y. (2020). A Study on Strengthening Mechanical Properties of a Punch Mold for Cutting by Using an HWS Powder Material and a DED Semi-AM Method of Metal 3D Printing. J. Manuf. Mater. Process., 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmmp4040098"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Affatato, S., Valigi, M.C., and Logozzo, S. (2020). Knee Wear Assessment: 3D Scanners Used as a Consolidated Procedure. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13102349"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pellizzari, M., Jam, A., Tschon, M., Fini, M., Lora, C., and Benedetti, M. (2020). A 3D-Printed Ultra-Low Young\u2019s Modulus \u03b2-Ti Alloy for Biomedical Applications. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13122792"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sittiwanchai, T., Nakayama, I., Inoue, S., and Kobayashi, J. (2014, January 10\u201312). Transhumeral prosthesis prototype with 3D printing and sEMG-based elbow joint control method. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Advanced Mechatronic Systems, Kumamoto, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAMechS.2014.6911655"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silveira Romero, R.C., Machado, A.A., Costa, K.A., Reis, P.H.R.G., Paiva Brito, P., and Santos Vimieiro, C.B. (2020). Development of a Passive Prosthetic Hand That Restores Finger Movements Made by Additive Manufacturing. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10124148"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdul Wahit, M.A., Ahmad, S.A., Marhaban, M.H., Wada, C., and Izhar, L.I. (2020). 3D Printed Robot Hand Structure Using Four-Bar Linkage Mechanism for Prosthetic Application. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20154174"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkhatib, F., Mahdi, E., and Cabibihan, J. (2019, January 24\u201328). Design and Analysis of Flexible Joints for a Robust 3D Printed Prosthetic Hand. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 16th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR), Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2019.8779372"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1109\/TMRB.2019.2912444","article-title":"Toward Patient-Specific 3D-Printed Robotic Systems for Surgical Interventions","volume":"1","author":"Desai","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Robot. Bionics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chinthavali, M. (2016, January 13\u201315). 3D printing technology for automotive applications. Proceedings of the 2016 International Symposium on 3D Power Electronics Integration and Manufacturing (3D-PEIM), Raleigh, NC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/3DPEIM.2016.7570535"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, Z., and Chen, Y. (2020, January 16\u201318). Investigation of Ergonomics in Photocuring 3D Printing Post-Processing Using Jack. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 7th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Applications (ICIEA), Bangkok, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIEA49774.2020.9101927"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1108\/13552540710750898","article-title":"3D printing technique applied to rapid casting","volume":"13","author":"Bassoli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Design of 3D-Printed Hybrid Axial-Flux Motor Using 3D-Printed SMC Core","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Frej, D., and Ja\u015bkiewicz, M. (2019). Przegub Kolanowy Manekina Antropometrycznego do Test\u00f3w Zderzeniowych, (Knee-Joint of the Anthropometric Crash Test Dummy). (P.431522), PL. Patent."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Frej, D., and Ja\u015bkiewicz, M. (2020). Przegub Barkowy Manekina Antropometrycznego do Test\u00f3w Zderzeniowych, (Shoulder Joint of the Anthropometric Crash Test Dummy Application). (P.433041), PL. Patent."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"43","article-title":"Impact of additive manufacturing temperature on strength of 3D printouts made of PLA and ABS","volume":"3","author":"Hylla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Min. Mach."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/12\/11\/2641\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:31:42Z","timestamp":1760178702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/12\/11\/2641"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["polym12112641"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym12112641","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-4360"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]}}}