{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T02:59:22Z","timestamp":1786935562119,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010024","name":"Hungarian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GINOP-2.3.2.-15-2016-00022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GINOP-2.3.2.-15-2016-00022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010024","name":"Hungarian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EFOP-3.6.1-16- 2016-00004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFOP-3.6.1-16- 2016-00004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Innovation and Technology","award":["TUDFO\/51757-1\/2019-ITM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TUDFO\/51757-1\/2019-ITM"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Different additive manufacturing technologies have proven effective and useful in remote medicine and emergency or disaster situations. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease, caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, has had a huge impact on our society, including in relation to the continuous supply of personal protective equipment (PPE). The aim of the study is to give a detailed overview of 3D-printed PPE devices and provide practical information regarding the manufacturing and further design process, as well as describing the potential risks of using them. Open-source models of a half-face mask, safety goggles, and a face-protecting shield are evaluated, considering production time, material usage, and cost. Estimations have been performed with fused filament fabrication (FFF) and selective laser sintering (SLS) technology, highlighting the material characteristics of polylactic acid (PLA), polyamide, and a two-compound silicone. Spectrophotometry measurements of transparent PMMA samples were performed to determine their functionality as goggles or face mask parts. All the tests were carried out before and after the tetra-acetyl-ethylene-diamine (TAED)-based disinfection process. The results show that the disinfection has no significant effect on the mechanical and structural stability of the used polymers; therefore, 3D-printed PPE is reusable. For each device, recommendations and possible means of development are explained. The files of the modified models are provided. SLS and FFF additive manufacturing technology can be useful tools in PPE development and small-series production, but open-source models must be used with special care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12112703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T22:48:47Z","timestamp":1605566927000},"page":"2703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["An Overview on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Fabricated with Additive Manufacturing Technologies in the Era of COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Szilard","family":"Rendeki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Simulation Education Center, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Operational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4865-8958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Balint","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matyas","family":"Bene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3D Printing and Visualization Centre, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attila","family":"Pentek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3D Printing and Visualization Centre, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Toth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3D Printing and Visualization Centre, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7623 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zalan","family":"Szanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2259-1043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Told","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3D Printing and Visualization Centre, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7538-0675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Maroti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Simulation Education Center, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"3D Printing and Visualization Centre, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2015140320","article-title":"Medical 3D Printing for the Radiologist","volume":"35","author":"Mitsouras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2017.08.004","article-title":"Clinical Applications of 3D Printing","volume":"25","author":"Ballard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acad. 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