{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T04:47:02Z","timestamp":1782622022144,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/1\/2019\/WAB07\/UPM\/02\/3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2019\/WAB07\/UPM\/02\/3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the effects of different citric acid content on the physico-mechanical and biological durability of rubberwood particleboard. Particleboards with density of 700 kg\/m3 were produced with three different citric acid contents, namely 10, 15 and 20 wt%. Particleboards made from 10 wt% urea formaldehyde (UF) resin were served as control for comparison purposes. FTIR analysis was carried out and the formation of ester linkages between -OH on cellulose and carbonyl groups of citric acid was confirmed. The peak intensity increased along with increasing citric content, which indicated that a higher amount of ester linkages were formed at higher citric acid content. Citric acid-bonded particleboard had inferior physical properties (water absorption and thickness swelling) and mechanical properties (internal bonding strength, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity) compared to that of the UF-bonded particleboard. However, the performance of particleboard was enhanced with increasing citric acid content. Meanwhile, citric acid-bonded particleboard displayed significantly better fungal and termite resistance than UF-bonded particleboard owing to the acidic nature of citric acid. It can be concluded that citric acid is a suitable green binder for particleboard but some improvement is needed during the particleboard production process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13010098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T10:04:46Z","timestamp":1609236286000},"page":"98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Physico-Mechanical and Biological Durability of Citric Acid-Bonded Rubberwood Particleboard"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7835-5002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhou","family":"Huaxu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6369-9902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee Seng","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paridah Md","family":"Tahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaidon","family":"Ashaari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syeed SaifulAzry Osman","family":"Al-Edrus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5400-2819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nor Azowa","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4785-9296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luqman Chuah","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siti Fatahiyah","family":"Mohamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Radiation Processing and Technology Division, Malaysia Nuclear Agency, Bangi 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hasan, M., Despot, R., and Jug, M. 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Org."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/13\/1\/98\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:47:19Z","timestamp":1760179639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/13\/1\/98"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["polym13010098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym13010098","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]]}}}