{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:44:02Z","timestamp":1760233442396,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/R00661X\/1, EP\/P025021\/1, EP\/P025498\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R00661X\/1, EP\/P025021\/1, EP\/P025498\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Additive manufacturing (AM) is changing our current approach to the clinical treatment of bone diseases, providing new opportunities to fabricate customized, complex 3D structures with bioactive materials. Among several AM techniques, the BioCell Printing is an advanced, integrated system for material manufacture, sterilization, direct cell seeding and growth, which allows for the production of high-resolution micro-architectures. This work proposes the use of the BioCell Printing to fabricate polymer-based scaffolds reinforced with ceramics and loaded with bisphosphonates for the treatment of osteoporotic bone fractures. In particular, biodegradable poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) was blended with hydroxyapatite particles and clodronate, a bisphosphonate with known efficacy against several bone diseases. The scaffolds\u2019 morphology was investigated by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT) while Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the scaffolds\u2019 elemental composition. A thermal characterization of the composites was accomplished by Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). The mechanical performance of printed scaffolds was investigated under static compression and compared against that of native human bone. The designed 3D scaffolds promoted the attachment and proliferation of human MSCs. In addition, the presence of clodronate supported cell differentiation, as demonstrated by the normalized alkaline phosphatase activity. The obtained results show that the BioCell Printing can easily be employed to generate 3D constructs with pre-defined internal\/external shapes capable of acting as a temporary physical template for regeneration of cancellous bone tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13010150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T22:35:48Z","timestamp":1609540548000},"page":"150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A 3D Printed Composite Scaffold Loaded with Clodronate to Regenerate Osteoporotic Bone: In Vitro Characterization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3858-6214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Cometa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jaber Innovation s.r.l., Via Calcutta 8, 00100 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9923-8267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Addolorata","family":"Bonifacio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"INSTM, National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0071-7354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Tranquillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering &amp; Henry Royce Institute, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Gloria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, V.le J.F. Kennedy 54-Mostra d\u2019Oltremare Pad. 20, 80125 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Domingos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering &amp; Henry Royce Institute, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9387-6201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvira","family":"De Giglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"INSTM, National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.103583","article-title":"3d printed scaffolds with random microarchitecture for bone tissue engineering applications: Manufacturing and characterization","volume":"103","author":"Pecci","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2020.101024","article-title":"Additive manufacturing for bone tissue engineering scaffolds","volume":"24","author":"Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. 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