{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T03:07:06Z","timestamp":1791515226218,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Greek Ministry of Development and Investments","award":["\u03a42\u0395\u0394\u039a-04066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u03a42\u0395\u0394\u039a-04066"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this experimental study, the use of 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural (HMF) organic compound as a grafting agent to chitosan natural polymer (CS) was examined. One optimized chitosan derivative was synthesized, and then tested (CS-HMF), in order to uptake nickel, mercury, and barium metal ions from single- and triple-component (multi-component) aqueous solutions. The characterization of the material before and after the metal uptake was achieved by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The ability of the adsorption of CS-HMF was tested at pH = 6. The adjusting of temperature from 25 to 65 \u00b0C caused the increase in the adsorption capacity. The equilibrium data were fitted to the models of Langmuir and Freundlich, while the data from kinetic experiments were fitted to pseudo-1st and pseudo-2nd order models. The best fitting was achieved for the Langmuir model (higher R2). The adsorption capacity for nickel, mercury, and barium removal at 25 \u00b0C (single component) was 147, 107, and 64 (mg\/g), respectively. However, the total adsorption capacity for the multi-component was 204 mg\/g. A thermodynamic study was also done, and the values of \u0394G0, \u0394H0, and \u0394S0 were evaluated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13020232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T11:36:11Z","timestamp":1610364971000},"page":"232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Adsorption Evaluation for the Removal of Nickel, Mercury, and Barium Ions from Single-Component and Mixtures of Aqueous Solutions by Using an Optimized Biobased Chitosan Derivative"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8928-573X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efstathios V.","family":"Liakos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, 65404 Kavala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariza","family":"Mone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitra A.","family":"Lambropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8458-4952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios N.","family":"Bikiaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1516-3761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George Z.","family":"Kyzas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, 65404 Kavala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6619","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC106.66196628","article-title":"Preparation of High-Performance Adsorbent from Low-Cost Agricultural Waste (Peanut Husk) Using Full Factorial Design: Application to Dye Removal","volume":"10","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5556","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC103.556563","article-title":"Investigation of an adsorbent based on novel starch\/chitosan nanocomposite in extraction of indigo carmine dye from aqueous solutions","volume":"10","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"53695375","article-title":"Effective adsorptive removal of azodyes on synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles","volume":"10","author":"Batool","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6757","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC106.67576772","article-title":"Effect of polyethylene glycol microspheres adsorbed with melatonin on oxidative stress and viscosity of cervical mucus samples infected with human papillomavirus","volume":"10","author":"Cotrim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7243","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC106.72437256","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and performance of low-cost unconventional adsorbents derived from waste materials","volume":"10","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2004.11.002","article-title":"Recent developments in polysaccharide-based materials used as adsorbents in wastewater treatment","volume":"30","author":"Crini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.01.012","article-title":"Adsorption of Cu(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) ions by modified magnetic chitosan chelating resin","volume":"177","author":"Monier","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2020.125333","article-title":"Mercury removal by porous sulfur copolymers: Adsorption isotherm and kinetics studies","volume":"606","author":"Wadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.202000073","article-title":"Removal of Mercury Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Crosslinked Chitosan-based Adsorbents: A Mini Review","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Rec."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.02.030","article-title":"Biosorption of heavy metal ions using wheat based biosorbents\u2014A review of the recent literature","volume":"101","author":"Farooq","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2007.08.010","article-title":"Modified chitosan and calcium alginate biopolymer sorbents for removal of nickel (II) through adsorption","volume":"72","author":"Vijaya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2009.11.008","article-title":"Preparation of chitosan\/magnetite composite beads and their application for removal of Pb(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous solution","volume":"30","author":"Tran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1002\/cjce.20486","article-title":"Removal of strontium and barium from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto expanded perlite","volume":"89","author":"Ghaemi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2020.128991","article-title":"Adsorption behavior of barium ions onto ZnO surfaces: Experiments associated with DFT calculations","volume":"1223","author":"Abdulkhair","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldermann, A., Grie\u00dfbacher, A.C., Baldermann, C., Purgstaller, B., Letofsky-Papst, I., Kaufhold, S., and Dietzel, M. (2018). Removal of Barium, Cobalt, Strontium, and Zinc from Solution by Natural and Synthetic Allophane Adsorbents. Geoscience, 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201806.0478.v1"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.04.078","article-title":"Characteristics of equilibrium, kinetics studies for adsorption of Hg(II), Cu(II), and Ni(II) ions by thiourea-modified magnetic chitosan microspheres","volume":"161","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2004.03.006","article-title":"Selective removal of the heavy metal ions from waters and industrial wastewaters by ion-exchange method","volume":"56","author":"Hubicki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(84)90124-6","article-title":"Removal of heavy metals from waters by means of natural zeolites","volume":"18","author":"Blanchard","year":"1984","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., and Zhao, W. (2019). Adsorption of Pb2+ from Aqueous Solutions Using Novel Functionalized Corncobs via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11101715"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, T.D., Vu, T.N., Nguyen, H.L., Le, P.H.P., and Hoang, T.S. (2020). Adsorptive Removal of Antibiotic Ciprofloxacin from Aqueous Solution Using Protein-Modified Nanosilica. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12010057"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, A., Jamil, S.N.A.M., Choong, T.S., Abdullah, A.H., Mastuli, M.S., Othman, N., and Jiman, N. (2019). Green Flexible Polyurethane Foam as a Potent Support for Fe-Si Adsorbent. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11122011"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maponya, T.C., Ramohlola, K.E., Kera, N.H., Modibane, K.D., Maity, A., Katata-Seru, L., and Hato, M.J. (2020). Influence of Magnetic Nanoparticles on Modified Polypyrrole\/m-Phenylediamine for Adsorption of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solution. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12030679"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, L., Yang, Z., Huang, L., He, Y., Wang, H., and Zhang, L. (2020). Macroscopic Poly Schiff Base-Coated Bacteria Cellulose with High Adsorption Performance. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12030714"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaipulizan, N.S., Jamil, S.N.A.M., Kamaruzaman, S., Subri, N.N.S., Adeyi, A.A., Abdullah, A.H., and Abdullah, L.C. (2020). Preparation of Ethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate (EGDMA)-Based Terpolymer as Potential Sorbents for Pharmaceuticals Adsorption. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12020423"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.A., Siddiqui, M.R., Otero, M., Alshareef, S.A., and Rafatullah, M. (2020). Removal of Rhodamine B from Water Using a Solvent Impregnated Polymeric Dowex 5WX8 Resin: Statistical Optimization and Batch Adsorption Studies. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12020500"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sudre, G., Siband, E., Gallas, B., Cousin, F., Hourdet, D., and Tran, Y. (2020). Responsive Adsorption of N-Isopropylacrylamide Based Copolymers on Polymer Brushes. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12010153"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Yang, Z.-Y., Cheng, X.-W., Chen, G., and Qiao, Y.-F. (2019). Adsorption, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties of Tannic Acid on Silk Fiber. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11060970"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, W., Xia, T., Pei, M., Du, Y., and Wang, L. (2019). Bentonite Modified by Allylamine Polymer for Adsorption of Amido Black 10B. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11030502"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.W., Sohn, J.S., Kim, H.K., Ryu, Y., and Cha, S.W. (2019). Effects of Gas Adsorption on the Mechanical Properties of Amorphous Polymer. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11050817"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Zhao, J., Wang, S., Zhang, L., and Zhang, B. (2019). Efficient and Selective Adsorption of Gold Ions from Wastewater with Polyaniline Modified by Trimethyl Phosphate: Adsorption Mechanism and Application. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11040652"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, W., Diao, K., Tan, X., Lei, F., Jiang, J., Goodman, B.A., Ma, Y., and Liu, S. (2019). Mechanisms of Adsorption of Heavy Metal Cations from Waters by an Amino Bio-Based Resin Derived from Rosin. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11060969"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, W.-Q., Chang, M., Zhang, C., Liu, X., He, B., and Ren, J. (2019). Preparation of Xylan-g-\/P(AA-co-AM)\/GO Nanocomposite Hydrogel and its Adsorption for Heavy Metal Ions. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11040621"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sims, R.A., Harmer, S.L., and Quinton, J.S. (2019). The Role of Physisorption and Chemisorption in the Oscillatory Adsorption of Organosilanes on Aluminium Oxide. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11030410"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Othman, N.A.F., Selambakkannu, S., Abdullah, T.A.T., Hoshina, H., Sattayaporn, S., and Seko, N. (2019). Selectivity of Copper by Amine-Based Ion Recognition Polymer Adsorbent with Different Aliphatic Amines. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11121994"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5266","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC102.266272","article-title":"A review on adsorptive remediation of Cr(Vi) by magnetic iron oxides and their modified forms","volume":"10","author":"Acharya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"4774","article-title":"Removal of procion red MX-5B from aqueous solution by adsorption on parkia speciosa (Stink bean) peel powder","volume":"10","author":"Anuar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"4706","article-title":"Adsorption of azo and anthraquinone dye by using watermelon peel powder and corn peel powder: Equilibrium and kinetic studies","volume":"10","author":"Kanthasamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"4803","article-title":"Reactive dyes adsorption via citrus hystrix peel powder and zea mays cob powder: Characterization, isotherm and kinetic studies","volume":"10","author":"Lau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. App. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10755","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC113.1075510764","article-title":"Adsorption of cadmium from aqueous solution onto untreated gypsum rock material: Equilibrium and kinetics","volume":"11","author":"Satti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2010.11.004","article-title":"Adsorption of dyes and heavy metal ions by chitosan composites: A review","volume":"83","author":"Ngah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"211","article-title":"Lead (II) removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto chitosan","volume":"43","author":"Asandei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cellul. Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liakos, E.V., Mitkidou, S.A., Mitropoulos, A.C., and Kyzas, G.Z. (2018). Nanohybrid chitosans in sorption technology. Composite Nanoadsorbents, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814132-8.00004-6"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mone, M., Lambropoulou, D.A., Bikiaris, D.N., and Kyzas, G. (2020). Chitosan grafted with biobased 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural as adsorbent for copper and cadmium ions removal. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12051173"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2016.07.027","article-title":"Synthesis and physicochemical properties of a new biocompatible chitosan grafted with 5-hydroxymethylfurfural","volume":"222","author":"Siafaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.12.036","article-title":"Heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions by activated phosphate rock","volume":"156","author":"Elouear","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"451","article-title":"About the theory of so-called adsorption of soluble substances","volume":"24","author":"Lagergren","year":"1898","journal-title":"Handlingar"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-9592(98)00112-5","article-title":"Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes","volume":"34","author":"Ho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Process. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2005.12.043","article-title":"Review of second-order models for adsorption systems","volume":"136","author":"Ho","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2005.10.040","article-title":"Second-order kinetic model for the sorption of cadmium onto tree fern: A comparison of linear and non-linear methods","volume":"40","author":"Ho","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1021\/ja02242a004","article-title":"The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum","volume":"40","author":"Langmuir","year":"1918","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"385","article-title":"Over the adsorption in solution","volume":"57","author":"Freundlich","year":"1906","journal-title":"J. Physicochem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2020.124613","article-title":"Novel hybrid multifunctional composite of chitosan and altered basalt for barium adsorption: Experimental and theoretical studies","volume":"593","author":"Mohamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2008.05.041","article-title":"Adsorptive removal of copper and nickel ions from water using chitosan coated PVC beads","volume":"100","author":"Popuri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2007.02.016","article-title":"Equilibrium studies of the sorption of Hg(II) ions onto chitosan","volume":"133","author":"Shafaei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11780","DOI":"10.1021\/la051551b","article-title":"Enhanced and Selective Adsorption of Mercury Ions on Chitosan Beads Grafted with Polyacrylamide via Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-5910(74)80002-1","article-title":"The comparison of the surface area of porous and non-porous solids as determined by diffusional flow and nitrogen adsorption","volume":"9","author":"Chatterjee","year":"1974","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2006.06.001","article-title":"Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications","volume":"31","author":"Rinaudo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2005.08.020","article-title":"Pseudo-second-order model for lead ion sorption from aqueous solutions onto palm kernel fiber","volume":"129","author":"Ho","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.690010222","article-title":"Correlation of diffusion coefficients in dilute solutions","volume":"1","author":"Wilke","year":"1955","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Daugherty, R.L., and Franzini, J.B. (1977). Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications, McGraw\u2013Hill. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.02.045","article-title":"Removal of dyes from aqueous solutions with untreated coffee residues as potential low-cost adsorbents: Equilibrium, reuse and thermodynamic approach","volume":"189\u2013190","author":"Kyzas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2020.125504","article-title":"Porous thiourea-grafted-chitosan hydrogels: Synthesis and sorption of toxic metal ions from contaminated waters","volume":"607","author":"Ghiorghita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2019.1584250","article-title":"Adsorption of Ni(II) ions by magnetic activated carbon\/chitosan beads prepared from spent coffee grounds, shrimp shells and green tea extract","volume":"41","author":"Le","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2020.116914","article-title":"Efficient Cu2+, Pb2+ and Ni2+ ion removal from wastewater using electrospun DTPA-modified chitosan\/polyethylene oxide nanofibers","volume":"247","author":"Surgutskaia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.07.073","article-title":"The chemically crosslinked metal-complexed chitosans for comparative adsorptions of Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II) ions in aqueous medium","volume":"163","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2010.04.030","article-title":"Adsorption of Co(II) and Ni(II) by EDTA- and\/or DTPA-modified chitosan: Kinetic and equilibrium modeling","volume":"161","author":"Repo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.06.032","article-title":"Selective adsorption of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II) ions from aqueous solution using chitosan\u2013MAA nanoparticles","volume":"61","author":"Heidari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.01.015","article-title":"Preparation of cross-linked magnetic chitosan-phenylthiourea resin for adsorption of Hg(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions from aqueous solutions","volume":"209","author":"Monier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2011.11.026","article-title":"Adsorption of Hg2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions from aqueous solution using formaldehyde cross-linked modified chitosan\u2013thioglyceraldehyde Schiff\u2019s base","volume":"50","author":"Monier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jced.7b00088","article-title":"Thiocarbohydrazide Cross-Linked Oxidized Chitosan and Poly(vinyl alcohol): A Green Framework as Efficient Cu(II), Pb(II), and Hg(II) Adsorbent","volume":"62","author":"Ahmad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.01.060","article-title":"Hg(II) removal from water by chitosan and chitosan derivatives: A review","volume":"167","author":"Miretzky","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2011.04.006","article-title":"Characterizations of strontium(II) and barium(II) adsorption from aqueous solutions using dolomite powder","volume":"190","author":"Ghaemi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2012.02.010","article-title":"Removal of metal ions from multi-component mixture using natural lignite","volume":"101","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2778","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-5422-6","article-title":"Removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution by zeolite synthesized from fly ash","volume":"23","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.05.089","article-title":"Simultaneous removal of heavy-metal ions in wastewater samples using nano-alumina modified with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine","volume":"181","author":"Afkhami","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/13\/2\/232\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:09:52Z","timestamp":1760159392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/13\/2\/232"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["polym13020232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym13020232","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]}}}