{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:22:48Z","timestamp":1785907368425,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main purpose of this research work is to characterize zinc oxide-urea formaldehyde nano resin and identify the physical performance of medium-density fiberboard (MDF). Considering the dry weight of natural fibers, the ZnO nanoparticles were added to urea formaldehyde (UF) glue at four levels\u20140.0%, 1.0%, 2.0% and 3.0%\u2014and their effects were investigated in terms of the physical properties of MDF. The surface morphology and crystalline structure of ZnO, UF and UF-ZnO nanofillers were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and significant improvements were achieved as a result of the addition of nanoparticles. Thermal properties were analyzed by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravemetric analysis (TGA) and it was observed that increasing the concentration of ZnO nanoparticles ultimately enhanced the curing of UF-ZnO nanofillers. Finally, density, thickness swelling and water absorption properties were investigated and it was observed that thickness swelling and water absorption properties were improved by 38% and 12%, respectively, when compared to control MDF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13030371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T12:28:31Z","timestamp":1611577711000},"page":"371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Characterization of Zinc Oxide-Urea Formaldehyde Nano Resin and Its Impact on the Physical Performance of Medium-Density Fiberboard"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Waheed","family":"Gul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afzal","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4926-2189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catalin","family":"Pruncu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Designs, Manufacturing &amp; Engineering Management, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, Scotland, UK"},{"name":"United Kingdom Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd., London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taghiyari, H.R., Hosseini, G., Tarmian, A., and Papadopoulos, A.N. 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