{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:53:27Z","timestamp":1790718807422,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Denture base materials need appropriate mechanical and tribological characteristics to endure different stresses inside the mouth. This study investigates the properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) reinforced with different low loading fractions (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 wt.%) of hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles. HA nanoparticles with different loading fractions are homogenously dispersed in the PMMA matrix through mechanical mixing. The resulting density, Compressive Young\u2019s modulus, compressive yield strength, ductility, fracture toughness, and hardness were evaluated experimentally; the friction coefficient and wear were estimated by rubbing the PMMA\/HA nanocomposites against stainless steel and PMMA counterparts. A finite element model was built to determine the wear layer thickness and the stress distribution along the nanocomposite surfaces during the friction process. In addition, the wear mechanisms were elucidated via scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that increasing the concentration of HA nanoparticles increases the stiffness, compressive yield strength, toughness, ductility, and hardness of the PMMA nanocomposite. Moreover, tribological tests show that increasing the nanoparticle weight fraction considerably decreases the friction coefficient and wear loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13060857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T05:38:22Z","timestamp":1615441102000},"page":"857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Effect of Low Hydroxyapatite Loading Fraction on the Mechanical and Tribological Characteristics of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Nanocomposites for Dentures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0358-0392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Fouly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Chair for Tribology, Surface, and Interface Sciences (TSIS), Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Production Engineering and Mechanical Design, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8054-0853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Mohamed Mahmoud","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Engineering and Mechanical Design, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2080-8552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El-Sayed M.","family":"Sherif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Chair for Tribology, Surface, and Interface Sciences (TSIS), Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Research in Engineering Materials (CEREM), King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Al-Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6481-3615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed M.R.","family":"FathEl-Bab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechatronics and Robotics Engineering Department, School of Innovative Design Engineering, E-JUST, Alexandria 21934, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.H.","family":"Badran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Engineering and Mechanical Design, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2001.00733.x","article-title":"Denture base polymer Alldent Sinomer\u00ae: Mechanical properties, water sorption and release of residual compounds","volume":"28","author":"Lassila","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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