{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T12:21:43Z","timestamp":1792844503598,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004595","name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RUI 1001\/PTEKIND\/8014119 and RUI 1001\/PTEKIND\/8011098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RUI 1001\/PTEKIND\/8014119 and RUI 1001\/PTEKIND\/8011098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effect of incorporating different loadings of oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles from agriculture waste on the properties of phenol-formaldehyde resin was investigated in this study. The bio-ash filler was used to enhance the performance of phenol-formaldehyde nanocomposites. Phenol-formaldehyde resin filled with oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles was prepared via the in-situ polymerization process to produce nanocomposites. The transmission electron microscope and particle size analyzer result revealed that oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles had a spherical geometry of 90 nm. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction results confirmed the formation of crystalline structure in oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles and phenol-formaldehyde nanocomposites. The thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the presence of oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles enhanced the thermal stability of the nanocomposites. The presence of oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles with 1% loading in phenol-formaldehyde resin enhanced the internal bonding strength of plywood composites. The scanning electron microscope image revealed that phenol-formaldehyde nanocomposites morphology had better uniform distribution and dispersion with 1% oil palm bio-ash nanoparticle loading than other phenol-formaldehyde nanocomposites produced. The nanocomposite has potential use in the development of particle and panel board for industrial applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13101615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T05:45:13Z","timestamp":1621230313000},"page":"1615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Properties and Interfacial Bonding Enhancement of Oil Palm Bio-Ash Nanoparticles Biocomposites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9235-8346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. K.","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Mathematics and Natural Sciences Faculty, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. R.","family":"Nurul Fazita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2695-705X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N. G.","family":"Olaiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure PMB 704, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Nasution","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Padang Bulan, Medan 20155, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. A.","family":"Oyekanmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4525-6937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arif","family":"Nuryawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Products Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2403-809X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul Khalil","family":"H. P. 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