{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T18:20:58Z","timestamp":1778782858501,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The occurrence, persistence, and accumulation of antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) represent a new environmental problem due to their harmful effects on human and aquatic life. A suitable absorbent for a particular type of pollutant does not necessarily absorb other types of compounds, so knowing the compatibility between a particular pollutant and a potential absorbent before experimentation seems to be fundamental. In this work, the molecular interactions between some pharmaceuticals (amoxicillin, ibuprofen, and tetracycline derivatives) with two potential absorbers, chitosan and graphene oxide models (pyrene, GO-1, and coronene, GO-2), were studied using the \u03c9B97X-D\/6-311G(2d,p) level of theory. The energetic interaction order found was amoxicillin\/chitosan &gt; amoxicillin\/GO-1 &gt; amoxicillin\/GO-2 &gt; ibuprofen\/chitosan &gt; ibuprofen\/GO-2 &gt; ibuprofen\/GO-1, the negative sign for the interaction energy in all complex formations confirms good compatibility, while the size of Eint between 24\u201334 kcal\/mol indicates physisorption processes. Moreover, the free energies of complex formation were negative, confirming the spontaneity of the processes. The larger interaction of amoxicillin Gos, compared to ibuprofen Gos, is consistent with previously reported experimental results, demonstrating the exceptional predictability of these methods. The second-order perturbation theory analysis shows that the amoxicillin complexes are mainly driven by hydrogen bonds, while van der Waals interactions with chitosan and hydrophobic interactions with graphene oxides are modelled for the ibuprofen complexes. Energy decomposition analysis (EDA) shows that electrostatic energy is a major contributor to the stabilization energy in all cases. The results obtained in this work promote the use of graphene oxides and chitosan as potential adsorbents for the removal of these emerging pollutants from water.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13101620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T12:19:57Z","timestamp":1621253997000},"page":"1620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Predicting the Adsorption of Amoxicillin and Ibuprofen on Chitosan and Graphene Oxide Materials: A Density Functional Theory Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Anchique","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Qu\u00edmica, Grupo Qu\u00edmica Supramolecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Semillero Electroqu\u00edmica Aplicada, Universidad del Atl\u00e1ntico, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jackson J.","family":"Alc\u00e1zar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 6094411, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Ramos-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Qu\u00edmica, Grupo Qu\u00edmica Supramolecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Semillero Electroqu\u00edmica Aplicada, Universidad del Atl\u00e1ntico, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maximiliano","family":"M\u00e9ndez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Grupo de Investigaciones en Qu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda, Universidad del Norte, Carrera 51B, Km 5, v\u00eda Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6128-9504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 R.","family":"Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Grupo de Qu\u00edmica Computacional y Te\u00f3rica (QCT-USFQ), Diego de Robles y V\u00eda Interoce\u00e1nica, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito 170901, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norma","family":"Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TecNM\/Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Aguascalientes-Divisi\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Ave. Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos #1801Ote. Fracc. Bona Gens, Aguascalientes 20256, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Acad\u00e9mico de Qu\u00edmica Inorg\u00e1nica, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica e Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Cercado de Lima 15081, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7503-1528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Grupo de Investigaciones en Qu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda, Universidad del Norte, Carrera 51B, Km 5, v\u00eda Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-5661.2010.00386.x","article-title":"Biosecure citizenship: Politicising symbiotic associations and the construction of biological threat","volume":"35","author":"Barker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12329","DOI":"10.1111\/gec3.12329","article-title":"Conservation, biopolitics, and the governance of life and death","volume":"11","author":"Biermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geogr. Compass"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dempsey, J. (2016). Enterprising Nature: Economics, Markets and Finance in Global Biodiversity Politics, Wiley Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118640517"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tortajada, C. (2020). Contributions of recycled wastewater to clean water and sanitation Sustainable Development Goals. NPJ Clean Water, 3.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-020-0069-3"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-019-0213-1","article-title":"Developments in society and implications for emerging pollutants in the aquatic environment","volume":"31","author":"Bunke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.1163","article-title":"Emerging pollutants in water environment: Occurrence, monitoring, fate, and risk assessment","volume":"91","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, M.J., Pa\u00edga, P., Silva, A., Llaguno, C.P., Carvalho, M., V\u00e1zquez, F.M., and Delerue-Matos, C. (2020). Antibiotics and antidepressants occurrence in surface waters and sediments collected in the north of Portugal. Chemosphere, 239.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124729"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, H.K., Rehman, M.Y.A., and Malik, R.N. (2020). Fate and toxicity of pharmaceuticals in water environment: An insight on their occurrence in South Asia. J. Environ. Manag., 271.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111030"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngqwala, N.P., and Muchesa, P. (2020). Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments: A review and potential impacts in South Africa. S. Afr. J. Sci., 116.","DOI":"10.17159\/sajs.2020\/5730"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.05.051","article-title":"Occurrence and potential human health risk of pharmaceutical residues in drinking water from Putrajaya (Malaysia)","volume":"180","author":"Praveena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700334","DOI":"10.1002\/clen.201700334","article-title":"Occurrence of Pharmaceutical Products, Female Sex Hormones and Caffeine in a Subtropical Region in Brazil","volume":"45","author":"Ide","year":"2017","journal-title":"CLEAN Soil Air Water"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.08.003","article-title":"Chiral pharmaceuticals: A review on their environmental occurrence and fate processes","volume":"124","author":"Sanganyado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.02.022","article-title":"Status of pharmaceuticals in African water bodies: Occurrence, removal and analytical methods","volume":"193","author":"Madikizela","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2017.11.059","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and wastewater: Correlation, impact and critical human health challenges","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0160(18)60062-1","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Human-Impacted Environment: A One Health Perspective","volume":"29","author":"Tiedje","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pedosphere"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.162","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in drinking water systems: Occurrence, removal, and human health risks","volume":"669","author":"Sanganyado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.03.143","article-title":"Impact of biofilm formation and detachment on the transmission of bacterial antibiotic resistance in drinking water distribution systems","volume":"203","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3339","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals in the environment-Global occurrences and perspectives","volume":"35","author":"Weber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1134\/S0026261720020125","article-title":"Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs as Emerging Contaminants","volume":"89","author":"Tyumina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3144","article-title":"Occurrence and distribution pattern of acidic pharmaceuticals in surface water, wastewater, and sediment of the Msunduzi River, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"35","author":"Agunbiade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2005.0425","article-title":"Toxicity of diclofenac to Gyps vultures","volume":"2","author":"Swan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02317","article-title":"Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan","volume":"427","author":"Oaks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3207(02)00164-7","article-title":"Catastrophic collapse of indian white-backed Gyps bengalensis and long-billed Gyps indicus vulture populations","volume":"109","author":"Prakash","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kudrna, J., Hnilicka, F., Kubes, J., Vachova, P., Hnilickova, H., and Kuklova, M. (2020). Effect of Acetaminophen (APAP) on Physiological Indicators in Lactuca sativa. Life, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/life10110303"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.002","article-title":"Evaluation of pharmaceutical toxic effects of non-standard endpoints on the macrophyte species Lemna minor and Lemna gibba","volume":"657","author":"Alkimin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21858","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04653-w","article-title":"Effects of commonly used therapeutic drugs, paracetamol, and acetylsalicylic acid, on key physiological traits of the sea snail Gibbula umbilicalis","volume":"26","author":"Nunes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muga, H.E., and Mihelcic, J.R. (2008). Sustainability of wastewater treatment technologies. J. Environ. Manag., 88.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2007.03.008"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alammar, A., Park, S.H., Ibrahim, I., Deepak, A., Holtzl, T., Dum\u00e9e, L.F., Lim, H.N., and Szekely, G. (2020). Architecting neonicotinoid-scavenging nanocomposite hydrogels for environmental remediation. Appl. Mater. Today, 21.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2020.100878"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benyekkou, N., Ghezzar, M.R., Abdelmalek, F., and Addou, A. (2020). Elimination of paracetamol from water by a spent coffee grounds biomaterial. Environ. Nanotechnol. Monit. Manag., 14.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enmm.2020.100396"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fotsing, P.N., Woumfo, E.D., Mezghich, S., Mignot, M., Mofaddel, N., Le Derf, F., and Vieillard, J. (2020). Surface modification of biomaterials based on cocoa shell with improved nitrate and Cr(vi) removal. RSC Adv., 10.","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA03027A"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-014-1599-y","article-title":"Significance of exploiting non-living biomaterials for the biosorption of wastewater pollutants","volume":"30","author":"Rangabhashiyam","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterson, J.W., Petrasky, L.J., Seymour, M.D., Burkhart, R.S., and Schuiling, A.B. (2012). Adsorption and breakdown of penicillin antibiotic in the presence of titanium oxide nanoparticles in water. Chemosphere, 87.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.01.044"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., Liu, Y., Bao, D., Zhu, G., Yang, G., Geng, J., and Li, H. (2017). Effective Removal of Tetracycline Antibiotics from Water using Hybrid Carbon Membranes. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43717"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pap, S., Taggart, M.A., Shearer, L., Li, Y., Radovic, S., and Turk Sekulic, M. (2021). Removal behaviour of NSAIDs from wastewater using a P-functionalised microporous carbon. Chemosphere, 264.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128439"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phasuphan, W., Praphairaksit, N., and Imyim, A. (2019). Removal of ibuprofen, diclofenac, and naproxen from water using chitosan-modified waste tire crumb rubber. J. Mol. Liq., 294.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2019.111554"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, N.A., Khan, S.U., Ahmed, S., Farooqi, I.H., Yousefi, M., Mohammadi, A.A., and Changani, F. (2020). Recent trends in disposal and treatment technologies of emerging-pollutants- A critical review. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem., 122.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.115744"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Checa, M., Beltr\u00e1n, F.J., Rivas, F.J., and Cordero, E. (2020). On the role of a graphene oxide\/titania catalyst, visible LED and ozone in removing mixtures of pharmaceutical contaminants from water and wastewater. Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol., 6.","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EW00276C"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-06683-w","article-title":"Removal of heavy metals in aquatic environment by graphene oxide composites: A review","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c7al\u0131\u015fkan Salihi, E., Wang, J., Kabacao\u011flu, G., K\u0131rkulak, S., and \u0160iller, L. (2021). Graphene oxide as a new generation adsorbent for the removal of antibiotics from waters. Sep. Sci. Technol., 56.","DOI":"10.1080\/01496395.2020.1717533"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karimi-Maleh, H., Ayati, A., Davoodi, R., Tanhaei, B., Karimi, F., Malekmohammadi, S., Orooji, Y., Fu, L., and Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4, M. (2021). Recent advances in using of chitosan-based adsorbents for removal of pharmaceutical contaminants: A review. J. Clean. Prod., 291.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.125880"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, M.P.M., Prates, L.M., Baptista, L., Cruz, M.T.M., and Ferreira, I.L.M. (2018). Interaction of polyelectrolyte complex between sodium alginate and chitosan dimers with a single glyphosate molecule: A DFT and NBO study. Carbohydr. Polym., 198.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.06.052"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karimi-Maleh, H., Shafieizadeh, M., Taher, M.A., Opoku, F., Kiarii, E.M., Govender, P.P., Ranjbari, S., Rezapour, M., and Orooji, Y. (2020). The role of magnetite\/graphene oxide nano-composite as a high-efficiency adsorbent for removal of phenazopyridine residues from water samples, an experimental\/theoretical investigation. J. Mol. Liq., 298.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2019.112040"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahamon, D., and Vega, L.F. (2019). Molecular simulations of phenol and ibuprofen removal from water using multilayered graphene oxide membranes. Mol. Phys., 117.","DOI":"10.1080\/00268976.2019.1662129"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wazzan, N. (2021). Adsorption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on nanographene surface: Density functional theory study. Arab. J. Chem., 14.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2021.103002"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Liu, X., Wang, K., Niu, Y., Chen, H., Bai, L., and Xue, Z. (2019). Removal of Ag(I) from aqueous solution by thiourea-functionalized silica gel: Experimental and theoretical study. Desalin. Water Treat., 151.","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2019.23916"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plazinski, W., and Plazinska, A. (2011). Molecular dynamics study of the interactions between phenolic compounds and alginate\/alginic acid chains. New J. Chem., 35.","DOI":"10.1039\/c1nj20273a"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geerlings, P., Chamorro, E., Chattaraj, P.K., De Proft, F., G\u00e1zquez, J.L., Liu, S., Morell, C., Toro-Labb\u00e9, A., Vela, A., and Ayers, P. (2020). Conceptual density functional theory: Status, prospects, issues. Theor. Chem. Acc., 139.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00214-020-2546-7"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okoli, C.P., Guo, Q.J., and Adewuyi, G.O. (2014). Application of quantum descriptors for predicting adsorption performance of starch and cyclodextrin adsorbents. Carbohydr. Polym., 101.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.08.065"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Chen, J., Wei, X., Hernandez Maldonado, A.J., and Chen, Z. (2017). Unveiling Adsorption Mechanisms of Organic Pollutants onto Carbon Nanomaterials by Density Functional Theory Computations and Linear Free Energy Relationship Modeling. Environ. Sci. Technol., 51.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b02707"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Efremenko, I., and Sheintuch, M. (2006). Predicting solute adsorption on activated carbon: Phenol. Langmuir, 22.","DOI":"10.1021\/la052100u"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Tang, W., Peng, Y., Chen, Z., Chen, J., Xiao, Z., Zhao, X., Qu, Y., and Li, J. (2021). Predicting the adsorption of organic pollutants on boron nitride nanosheets: Via in silico techniques: DFT computations and QSAR modeling. Environ. Sci. Nano, 8.","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EN01145B"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishima, K., Du, X., Miyamoto, N., Kano, N., and Imaizumi, H. (2018). Experimental and theoretical studies on the adsorption mechanisms of uranium (VI) ions on chitosan. J. Funct. Biomater., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb9030049"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annadurai, G. (2000). Design of optimum response surface experiments for adsorption of direct dye on chitosan. Bioprocess Eng., 23.","DOI":"10.1007\/s004499900164"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Regti, A., El Ayouchia, H.B., Laamari, M.R., Stiriba, S.E., Anane, H., and El Haddad, M. (2016). Experimental and theoretical study using DFT method for the competitive adsorption of two cationic dyes from wastewaters. Appl. Surf. Sci., 390.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.08.059"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dastani, N., Arab, A., and Raissi, H. (2020). DFT computational study towards investigating Cladribine anticancer drug adsorption on the graphene and functionalized graphene. Struct. Chem., 31.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11224-020-01526-8"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parolini, M. (2020). Toxicity of the Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol, diclofenac, ibuprofen and naproxen towards freshwater invertebrates: A review. Sci. Total Environ., 740.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140043"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogunbanwo, O.M., Kay, P., Boxall, A.B., Wilkinson, J., Sinclair, C.J., Shabi, R.A., Fasasi, A.E., Lewis, G.A., Amoda, O.A., and Brown, L.E. (2020). High Concentrations of Pharmaceuticals in a Nigerian River Catchment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4879"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bell, K.Y., Wells, M.J.M., Traexler, K.A., Pellegrin, M.-L., Morse, A., and Bandy, J. (2011). Emerging Pollutants. Water Environ. Res., 83.","DOI":"10.2175\/106143011X13075599870298"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Y., Xu, L., Rysz, M., Wang, Y., Zhang, H., and Alvarez, P.J.J. (2011). Occurrence and Transport of Tetracycline, Sulfonamide, Quinolone, and Macrolide Antibiotics in the Haihe River Basin, China. Environ. Sci. Technol., 45.","DOI":"10.1021\/es104009s"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q.-Q., Ying, G.-G., Pan, C.-G., Liu, Y.-S., and Zhao, J.-L. (2015). Comprehensive Evaluation of Antibiotics Emission and Fate in the River Basins of China: Source Analysis, Multimedia Modeling, and Linkage to Bacterial Resistance. Environ. Sci. Technol., 49.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b00729"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, W., Li, N., Zheng, H., and Lin, H. (2016). Occurrence and risk assessment of antibiotics in river water in Hong Kong. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 125.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2015.12.002"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, R., Singh, A.P., Kumar, S., Giri, B.S., and Kim, K.-H. (2019). Antibiotic resistance in major rivers in the world: A systematic review on occurrence, emergence, and management strategies. J. Clean. Prod., 234.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.06.243"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a-Guzm\u00e1n, C., Ulloa-S\u00e1nchez, S., Mora, K., Helena-Bustos, R., Lopez-Barrera, E., Alvarez, J., and Rodriguez-Pinz\u00f3n, M. (2019). Emerging pollutants in the urban water cycle in Latin America: A review of the current literature. J. Environ. Manag., 237.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.02.100"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffero, L., Alc\u00e1ntara-Dur\u00e1n, J., Alonso, C., Rodr\u00edguez-Gallego, L., Moreno-Gonz\u00e1lez, D., Garc\u00eda-Reyes, J.F., Molina-D\u00edaz, A., and P\u00e9rez-Parada, A. (2019). Basin-scale monitoring and risk assessment of emerging contaminants in South American Atlantic coastal lagoons. Sci. Total Environ., 697.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134058"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serna-Galvis, E.A., Botero-Coy, A.M., Mart\u00ednez-Pach\u00f3n, D., Moncayo-Lasso, A., Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, M., Hern\u00e1ndez, F., and Torres-Palma, R.A. (2019). Degradation of seventeen contaminants of emerging concern in municipal wastewater effluents by sonochemical advanced oxidation processes. Water Res., 154.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.01.045"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallego-\u00c1lvarez, I., Garc\u00eda-Rubio, R., and Mart\u00ednez-Ferrero, J. (2018). Environmental performance concerns in Latin America: Determinant factors and multivariate analysis. Rev. Contab., 21.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcsar.2018.05.003"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1039\/C2TA00406B","article-title":"Graphene oxide-chitosan composite hydrogels as broad-spectrum adsorbents for water purification","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, A., Wang, J., Li, J., Wang, X., Chen, Z., Alsaedi, A., Hayat, T., Chen, Y., and Wang, X. (2017). The role of graphene oxide and graphene oxide-based nanomaterials in the removal of pharmaceuticals from aqueous media: A review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 24.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-8388-8"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S1380-7323(99)80078-8","article-title":"Computational Approaches to the Studies of the Interactions of Nucleic Acid Bases","volume":"8","author":"Hobza","year":"1999","journal-title":"Theor. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes, I.C., and Stone, A.J. (1984). An intermolecular perturbation theory for the region of moderate overlap. Mol. Phys., 53.","DOI":"10.1080\/00268978400102151"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2946-4-17","article-title":"Avogadro: An advanced semantic chemical editor, visualization, and analysis platform","volume":"4","author":"Hanwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cheminform."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Dennington, R., Keith, T.A., and Millam, J.M. (2016). GaussView 2016, Semichem Inc."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Frisch, M.J., Trucks, G.W., Schlegel, H.B., Scuseria, G.E., Robb, M.A., Cheeseman, J.R., Scalmani, G., Barone, V., Mennucci, B., and Petersson, G.A. (2009). Gaussian 09, Revision, D.01, Gaussian Inc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahamon, D., Carro, L., Guri, S., and Vega, L.F. (2017). Computational study of ibuprofen removal from water by adsorption in realistic activated carbons. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 498.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.03.068"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juarez-Morales, L.A., Hernandez-Cocoletzi, H., Chigo-Anota, E., Aguila-Almanza, E., and Tenorio-Arvide, M.G. (2018). Chitosan-Aflatoxins B1, M1 Interaction: A Computational Approach. Curr. Org. Chem., 21.","DOI":"10.2174\/1385272821666170511165159"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmoud, E.-S., Omar, A., Bayoumy, A.M., and Ibrahim, M. (2018). Chitosan Ibuprofen Interaction: Modeling Approach. Sens. Lett., 16.","DOI":"10.1166\/sl.2018.3956"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aarab, N., Laabd, M., Eljazouli, H., Lakhmiri, R., Kabli, H., and Albourine, A. (2019). Experimental and DFT studies of the removal of pharmaceutical metronidazole from water using polypyrrole. Int. J. Ind. Chem., 10.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40090-019-0190-7"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaczmarek-K\u0119dziera, A. (2020). Gas Phase Computational Study of Diclofenac Adsorption on Chitosan Materials. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25112549"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mora, J.R., Lezama, J., M\u00e1rquez, E., Escalante, L., C\u00f3rdova, T., and Chuchani, G. (2011). Theoretical study of neighboring carbonyl group participation in the elimination kinetics of chloroketones in the gas phase. J. Phys. Org. Chem., 24.","DOI":"10.1002\/poc.1733"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luiggi, M., Mora, J.R., Loro\u00f1o, M., Marquez, E., Lezama, J., Cordova, T., and Chuchani, G. (2014). Theoretical calculations on the gas-phase thermal decomposition kinetics of selected thiomethyl chloroalkanes: A new insight of the mechanism. Comput. Theor. Chem., 1027.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comptc.2013.11.011"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mora, J., Cervantes, C., and Marquez, E. (2018). New Insight into the Chloroacetanilide Herbicide Degradation Mechanism through a Nucleophilic Attack of Hydrogen Sulfide. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19102864"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Zhuang, T., Zhang, Q., and Wang, W. (2019). Mechanistic studies on the dibenzofuran and dibenzo-p-dioxin formation reactions from anthracene. Sci. Total Environ., 662.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.408"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, D., Streefkerk, D.E., Jordaan, D., Wagemakers, J., Baggerman, J., and Zuilhof, H. (2020). Silicon-Free SuFEx Reactions of Sulfonimidoyl Fluorides: Scope, Enantioselectivity, and Mechanism. Angew. Chem., 132.","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.201915519"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Yang, Y., Donnelly, P.S., Canty, A.J., and O\u2019Hair, R.A.J. (2019). Desulfination versus decarboxylation as a means of generating three- and five-coordinate organopalladium complexes [(phen)nPd(C6H5)]+ (n = 1 and 2) to study their fundamental bimolecular reactivity. J. Organomet. Chem., 882.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jorganchem.2018.11.028"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musher, J.I., and Salem, L. (1966). Energy of Interaction between Two Molecules. J. Chem. Phys., 44.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1727159"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, T., and Chen, F. (2012). Multiwfn: A multifunctional wavefunction analyzer. J. Comput. Chem., 33.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.22885"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"1","article-title":"Kohn-Sham Density Functional Theory: Predicting and Understanding Chemistry","volume":"Volume 15","author":"Bickelhaupt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reviews in Computational Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1080\/00268979300100411","article-title":"The lennard-jones equation of state revisited","volume":"78","author":"Johnson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Glendening, E.D., Reed, A.E., Carpenter, J.E., and Weinhold, F. (1998). NBO Version 3.1, Gaussian Inc."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukui, K., Koga, N., and Fujimoto, H. (1981). Interaction frontier orbitals. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103.","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00391a039"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Grewal, A.S., Singh, V., Narang, R., Pandita, D., and Lather, V. (2018). Synthesis, Antimicrobial Activity and QSAR Studies of Some New Sparfloxacin Derivatives. Pharm. Chem. J., 52.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11094-018-1837-y"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malhotra, R., Ravesh, A., and Singh, V. (2017). Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial activities, and QSAR studies of organotin(IV) complexes. Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem., 192.","DOI":"10.1080\/10426507.2016.1225054"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cortes, E., Mora, J., and M\u00e1rquez, E. (2020). Modelling the Anti-Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Activity of Cannabinoids: A QSAR and Docking Study. Crystals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst10080692"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flores, M.C., M\u00e1rquez, E.A., and Mora, J.R. (2018). Molecular modeling studies of bromopyrrole alkaloids as potential antimalarial compounds: A DFT approach. Med. Chem. Res., 27.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-017-2107-3"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alqahtani, F., Aleanizy, F., El Tahir, E., Alhabib, H., Alsaif, R., Shazly, G., AlQahtani, H., Alsarra, I., and Mahdavi, J. (2020). Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles Against Pathogenic, N. gonorrhoea. Int. J. Nanomed., 15.","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S272736"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nooshkam, M., Falah, F., Zareie, Z., Tabatabaei Yazdi, F., Shahidi, F., and Mortazavi, S.A. (2019). Antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity of chitosan\u2013inulin conjugates obtained through the Maillard reaction. Food Sci. Biotechnol., 28.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-019-00635-3"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yildirim-Aksoy, M., and Beck, B.H. (2017). Antimicrobial activity of chitosan and a chitosan oligomer against bacterial pathogens of warmwater fish. J. Appl. Microbiol., 122.","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13460"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunter, C.A., Singh, J., and Thornton, J.M. (1991). \u03c0\u2013\u03c0 interactions: The geometry and energetics of phenylalanine-phenylalanine interactions in proteins. J. Mol. Biol., 218.","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(91)90271-7"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, R. (2015). Modeling of Nanotoxicity, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-15382-7"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsuzuki, S., Honda, K., Uchimaru, T., Mikami, M., and Tanabe, K. (2002). Origin of Attraction and Directionality of the \u03c0\/\u03c0 Interaction: Model Chemistry Calculations of Benzene Dimer Interaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124.","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0105212"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, J., Zhang, J., Fu, W., Jiang, D., Lv, N., Liu, H., Li, H., and Zhu, W. (2021). Theoretical prediction of the SO2 absorption by hollow silica based porous ionic liquids. J. Mol. Graph. Model., 103.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmgm.2020.107788"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pramanik, B., Ahmed, S., Singha, N., Das, B.K., Dowari, P., and Das, D. (2019). Unorthodox Combination of Cation\u2212\u03c0 and Charge-Transfer Interactions within a Donor\u2013Acceptor Pair. Langmuir, 35.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.8b03820"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya, P.K. (2017). Exploring Cation\u2212\u03c0 Interaction in the Complexes with B\u2261B Triple Bond: A DFT Study. J. Phys. Chem. A, 121.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpca.7b01326"},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Bronowska, K.A. (2011). Thermodynamics of Ligand-Protein Interactions: Implications for Molecular Design. Thermodynamics\u2014Interaction Studies\u2014Solids, Liquids and Gases, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, M., da Silva, E.F., Hartono, A., and Svendsen, H.F. (2013). Theoretical Study of Differential Enthalpy of Absorption of CO 2 with MEA and MDEA as a Function of Temperature. J. Phys. Chem. B, 117.","DOI":"10.1021\/jp404356e"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, I., Hoff, K.A., Hessen, E.T., Haug-Warberg, T., and Svendsen, H.F. (2009). Enthalpy of absorption of CO2 with alkanolamine solutions predicted from reaction equilibrium constants. Chem. Eng. Sci., 64.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2008.12.037"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Ghouti, M.A., and Da\u2019ana, D.A. (2020). Guidelines for the use and interpretation of adsorption isotherm models: A review. J. Hazard. Mater., 393.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122383"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piccini, G., Alessio, M., Sauer, J., Zhi, Y., Liu, Y., Kolvenbach, R., Jentys, A., and Lercher, J.A. (2015). Accurate Adsorption Thermodynamics of Small Alkanes in Zeolites. Ab initio Theory and Experiment for H-Chabazite. J. Phys. Chem. C, 119.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5b01739"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, C.T., and Sellers, J.R.V. (2013). Enthalpies and Entropies of Adsorption on Well-Defined Oxide Surfaces: Experimental Measurements. Chem. Rev., 113.","DOI":"10.1021\/cr300329s"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dauenhauer, P.J., and Abdelrahman, O.A. (2018). A Universal Descriptor for the Entropy of Adsorbed Molecules in Confined Spaces. ACS Cent. Sci., 4.","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.8b00419"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, L., Huang, H., Hu, J., Shah, S.M., and Su, X. (2012). Adsorption and removal of tetracycline antibiotics from aqueous solution by graphene oxide. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 368.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2011.11.015"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1021\/ed071p493","article-title":"The Nernst equation","volume":"71","author":"Feiner","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anastopoulos, I., and Kyzas, G.Z. (2016). Are the thermodynamic parameters correctly estimated in liquid-phase adsorption phenomena?. J. Mol. Liq., 218.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2016.02.059"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beyhan, S.M., G\u00f6tz, A.W., and Visscher, L. (2013). Bond energy decomposition analysis for subsystem density functional theory. J. Chem. Phys., 138.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4793629"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Te Velde, G., Bickelhaupt, F.M., Baerends, E.J., Fonseca Guerra, C., van Gisbergen, S.J.A., Snijders, J.G., and Ziegler, T. (2001). Chemistry with ADF. J. Comput. Chem., 22.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.1056"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morokuma, K. (1971). Molecular Orbital Studies of Hydrogen Bonds. III. C=O\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7H\u2013O Hydrogen Bond in H2CO\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7H2O and H 2CO\u00b7\u00b7\u00b72H2O. J. Chem. Phys., 55.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1676210"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phipps, M.J.S., Fox, T., Tautermann, C.S., and Skylaris, C.-K. (2015). Energy decomposition analysis approaches and their evaluation on prototypical protein\u2013drug interaction patterns. Chem. Soc. Rev., 44.","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00375F"}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/13\/10\/1620\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:02:37Z","timestamp":1760162557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/13\/10\/1620"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["polym13101620"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym13101620","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]]}}}