{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:00:30Z","timestamp":1785416430229,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 51808288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 51808288"]}]},{"name":"National undergraduate innovation and entrepreneurship training program","award":["No. 2021DC0578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2021DC0578"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effect of off-axis ply on the tensile properties of unbalanced symmetric [0\/\u03b8]ns laminates was explored through experimental and numerical analysis. Six CFRP [0\/\u03b8]2s plies with different off-axis angles \u03b8 were fabricated for tensile tests. In situ observations of the damage to the laminates were conducted to investigate the initiation and progressive growth of the laminates during the tension tests. The fiber fractures, crack initiation, and progressive propagation were analyzed by observing the free edge of the laminates, and the difference in damage behavior caused by different off-axis angles was investigated. All the six [0\/\u03b8]2s plies with off-axis angles \u03b8 ranging from 15\u00b0 to 90\u00b0 showed approximate linear stress\u2013strain responses in the tensile tests. Matrix cracks were not observed prior to the final catastrophic failure in the off-axis layers of the [0\/\u03b8]2s laminates with a \u03b8 in the range of 15\u201360\u00b0. Finite element analysis (FEA) of the [0\/\u03b8]s plies was conducted using a 3D micromechanical model, in which matrix cracking and fiber-matrix debonding in the off-axis layer were simulated using a cohesive interface element. Three micromechanical crack-free, cohesive interface, and initial crack models were analyzed to predict the influence of the matrix cracks inside the off-axis layer on the damage behavior of the [0\/\u03b8]s laminates. The numerical results from the initial crack micromechanical model show a lower bound of the tensile strength of the [0\/\u03b8]s plies. A high stress concentration is observed adjacent to the cracked off-axis layer, inducing a tensile strength loss of about 20%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13111809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T03:45:29Z","timestamp":1622432729000},"page":"1809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effect of Off-Axis Ply on Tensile Properties of [0\/\u03b8]ns Thin Ply Laminates by Experiments and Numerical Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4616-6092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junfeng","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Pu Zhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510641, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xutong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Pu Zhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Xue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terutake","family":"Matsubara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Matrix microcracking in composites","volume":"2","author":"Nairn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Polym. 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