{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T03:15:04Z","timestamp":1789010104672,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020M672781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M672781"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, many investigations have been devoted to fused deposition modeling (FDM) of high-performance polymer-polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and carbon-fiber-reinforced PEEK (CF\/PEEK) for biomedical and aerospace applications. However, the staircase effect naturally brought about by FDM restricts further applications of 3D-printed PEEK and its composites in high-temperature molds, medical implants, and precision components, which require better or customized surface qualities. Hence, this work aimed to reduce the staircase effect and improve the surface quality of 3D-printed PEEK and CF\/PEEK parts by dry milling of the fluctuant exterior surface. The co-dependency between 3D printing parameters (raster angle and layer thickness) and milling parameters (depth of cut, spindle speed, and feed rate per tooth) were investigated through experiments. The difference in removal mechanisms for PEEK and CF\/PEEK was revealed. It was confirmed that the smearing effect enhanced the surface quality based on the morphology analysis and the simulation model. Both the raster angle of +45\u00b0\/\u221245\u00b0 and the small layer thickness could improve the surface quality of these 3D-printed polymers after dry milling. A large depth of cut and a large feed rate per tooth were likely to deteriorate the finished polymer surface. The spindle speed could influence the morphologies without significant changes in roughness values. Finally, a demonstration was performed to verify that dry milling of 3D-printed amorphous PEEK and CF\/PEEK parts could lead to a high surface quality for critical requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13132175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T02:44:39Z","timestamp":1625107479000},"page":"2175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Surface Finishing of FDM-Fabricated Amorphous Polyetheretherketone and Its Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Composite by Dry Milling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Cheng","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of System Design and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., and Lou, Y. (2020). Tensile and Bending Strength Improvements in PEEK Parts Using Fused Deposition Modelling 3D Printing Considering Multi-Factor Coupling. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12112497"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, J., Xie, F., and Dwyer-Joyce, R.S. (2020). PEEK Composites as Self-Lubricating Bush Materials for Articulating Revolute Pin Joints. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12030665"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katouzian, M., Vlase, S., and Scutaru, M. (2021). Finite Element Method-Based Simulation Creep Behavior of Viscoelastic Carbon-Fiber Composite. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13071017"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2010.05.046","article-title":"High performance PEEK\/carbon nanotube composites compatibilized with polysulfones-I. Structure and thermal properties","volume":"48","author":"Naffakh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rinaldi, M., Cecchini, F., Pigliaru, L., Ghidini, T., Lumaca, F., and Nanni, F. (2020). Additive Manufacturing of Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) for Space Applications: A Nanosat Polymeric Structure. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13010011"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, J., Shi, H., Liao, Z., Wang, S., Liu, Y., Liu, W., and Peng, Z. (2018). Study on the Nanomechanical and Nanotribological Behaviors of PEEK and CFRPEEK for Biomedical Applications. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10020142"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chon, J.W., Yang, X., Lee, S.M., Kim, Y.J., Jeon, I.S., Jho, J.Y., and Chung, D.J. (2019). Novel PEEK Copolymer Synthesis and Biosafety\u2014I: Cytotoxicity Evaluation for Clinical Application. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11111803"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2016.06.024","article-title":"The applicability of PEEK-based abutment screws","volume":"63","author":"Schwitalla","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, C., Li, Y., and Tjong, S.C. (2020). Polyetheretherketone and Its Composites for Bone Replacement and Regeneration. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12122858"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2011.10.008","article-title":"A study on UV laser drilling of PEEK reinforced with carbon fibers","volume":"50","author":"Romoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2012.05.005","article-title":"Optimization of cutting conditions for sustainable machining of PEEK-CF30 using TiN tools","volume":"33","author":"Hanafi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2005.04.008","article-title":"Physical cutting model of Polyetheretherketone composites","volume":"27","author":"Davim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2007.11.002","article-title":"Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamond coated tools performance in machining of PEEK composites","volume":"29","author":"Davim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2008.04.060","article-title":"Influence of cutting conditions on machinability aspects of PEEK, PEEK CF 30 and PEEK GF 30 composites using PCD tools","volume":"209","author":"Mata","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-8223(03)00085-0","article-title":"Machinability study on polyetheretherketone (PEEK) unreinforced and reinforced (GF30) for applications in structural components","volume":"62","author":"Davim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/0892705705044556","article-title":"Influence of Consolidation Process on the Drilling Performance and Machinability of PIXA-M and PEEK Thermoplastic Composites","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3649","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.25663","article-title":"On the machining behavior of carbon fiber reinforced polyimide and PEEK thermoplastic composites","volume":"41","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2020.05.002","article-title":"The effects of cryogenic cooling on the grinding process of polyether ether ketone (PEEK)","volume":"56","author":"Khoran","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2013.12.235","article-title":"Study of Surface Roughness on Milling Unfilled-polyetheretherketones Engineering Plastics","volume":"68","author":"Izamshah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2021.109034","article-title":"Process optimization of high-speed dry milling UD-CF\/PEEK laminates using GA-BP neural network","volume":"221","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2018.06.023","article-title":"High temperature rheological behavior and sintering kinetics of CF\/PEEK composites during selective laser sintering","volume":"165","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zanjanijam, A.R., Major, I., Lyons, J.G., Lafont, U., and Devine, D.M. (2020). Fused Filament Fabrication of PEEK: A Review of Process-Structure-Property Relationships. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12081665"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yaragalla, S., Zahid, M., Panda, J., Tsagarakis, N., Cingolani, R., and Athanassiou, A. (2021). Comprehensive Enhancement in Thermomechanical Performance of Melt-Extruded PEEK Filaments by Graphene Incorporation. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13091425"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodze\u0144, K., Sharma, P., McIlhagger, A., Mokhtari, M., Dave, F., Tormey, D., Sherlock, R., Meenan, B., and Boyd, A. (2021). The Direct 3D Printing of Functional PEEK\/Hydroxyapatite Composites via a Fused Filament Fabrication Approach. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13040545"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2017.04.027","article-title":"Influence of thermal processing conditions in 3D printing on the crystallinity and mechanical properties of PEEK material","volume":"248","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2018.131","article-title":"Controllable interlayer shear strength and crystallinity of PEEK components by laser-assisted material extrusion","volume":"33","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2019.03.016","article-title":"Effects of printing parameters of fused deposition modeling on mechanical properties, surface quality, and microstructure of PEEK","volume":"271","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49087","DOI":"10.1002\/app.49087","article-title":"Optimization of printing parameters for improvement of mechanical and thermal performances of 3D printed poly(ether ether ketone) parts","volume":"137","author":"Vaudreuil","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.107540","article-title":"3D printing to enable multifunctionality in polymer-based composites: A review","volume":"179","author":"Bekas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"38","article-title":"3-D printing of multifunctional carbon nanotube yarn reinforced components","volume":"12","author":"Gardner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-017-0972-z","article-title":"Additively manufactured multi-material free-form structure with printed electronics","volume":"94","author":"Goh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batak, B., \u00c7akmak, G., Johnston, W.M., and Yilmaz, B. (2021). Surface roughness of high-performance polymers used for fixed implant-supported prostheses. J. Prosthet. Dent.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2020.11.029"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruni, C., Gianangeli, C., Mancia, T., Greco, L., and Pieralisi, M. (2020). Improving dimensional and surface quality of additive manufactured parts. J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1507.","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1507\/4\/042003"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2018.08.079","article-title":"The stress coupling mechanism of laser additive and milling subtractive for FeCr alloy made by additive \u2013subtractive composite manufacturing","volume":"769","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2021.117077","article-title":"Residual stress and tensile anisotropy of hybrid wire arc additive-milling subtractive manufacturing","volume":"293","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2018.05.008","article-title":"A novel 6-axis hybrid additive-subtractive manufacturing process: Design and case studies","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Zhao, W., Yang, W., and Wang, G. (2019). Flexural Properties and Fracture Behavior of CF\/PEEK in Orthogonal Building Orientation by FDM: Microstructure and Mechanism. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11040656"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, Y., Mao, Y., Li, B., and Zhou, P. (2020). Machinability of the Thermoplastic Polymers: PEEK, PI, and PMMA. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13010069"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2014.12.061","article-title":"Mechanical impact behavior of polyether\u2013ether\u2013ketone (PEEK)","volume":"124","author":"Rusinek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/13\/13\/2175\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:24:00Z","timestamp":1760163840000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/13\/13\/2175"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["polym13132175"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym13132175","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]}}}