{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T11:43:43Z","timestamp":1773402223248,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009381","name":"International Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MAPC I\/2020 (01)."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAPC I\/2020 (01)."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009381","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) has been considered an orphan disease with limited treatments available. The available topical treatment for this condition is clindamycin lotion; however, short retention and frequent application are the main setbacks. Thus, the present study aimed to attain an optimized antibacterial in situ spray formulation for the hidradenitis suppurativa skin condition, which gels once in contact with the skin surface at around 37 \u00b0C and possesses bioadhesion as well as sustained-release properties of the incorporated drug. Different concentrations of thermo-reversible gelling polymer, Pluronic F-127, were investigated along with the selected bioadhesive polymers, HPMC and SA. The optimized formulation F3 consisting of 18% Pluronic F-127 with 0.2% HPMC and 0.2% SA was characterized based on various physicochemical properties. The gelation temperature of F3 was found to be 29.0 \u00b1 0.50 \u00b0C with a gelation time of 1.35 \u00b1 0.40 min and a pH of 5.8. F3 had the viscosity of 178.50 \u00b1 5.50 cP at 25 \u00b0C and 7800 \u00b1 200 cP at 37 \u00b0C as the gel set. The optimized formulation was found to be bioadhesive and cytocompatible. Cumulative drug release was 65.05% within the time-frame of 8 h; the release pattern of the drug followed zero-order kinetics with the Higuchi release mechanism. The average zone of inhibition was found to be 43.44 \u00b1 1.34 mm. The properties of F3 formulation reflect to improve residence time at the site of application and can enhance sustained drug release. Therefore, it could be concluded that optimized formulation has better retention and enhanced antimicrobial activity for superior efficacy against HS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13162770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T22:51:00Z","timestamp":1629327060000},"page":"2770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Development of In-Situ Spray for Local Delivery of Antibacterial Drug for Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Investigation of Alternative Formulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yoke Lan","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8249-9743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manisha","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre for Bioactive Molecules and Drug Delivery, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hira","family":"Choudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre for Bioactive Molecules and Drug Delivery, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei Meng","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7886-2909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subrat Kumar","family":"Bhattamisra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bapi","family":"Gorain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Delivery and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor\u2019s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor\u2019s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001","DOI":"10.29328\/journal.jcicm.1001018","article-title":"The impact of skin disorders on patients\u2019 quality of life in Malaysia","volume":"4","author":"Kassab","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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