{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:03:09Z","timestamp":1787029389287,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2017YFB0308000 and 2017YFB0308100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB0308000 and 2017YFB0308100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel high-efficient flame retardant epoxy grafted poly-acrylic resin modified by phosphorus and nitrogen was successfully synthesized by radical grafting polymerization and solution polymerization simultaneously. The flame retardancy of copolymer resin was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimetric test (CONE), limiting oxygen index (LOI) and so on. The micro-morphology and chemical composition of char formed after a CONE calorimetric test was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. The Kissinger method was used to evaluate the kinetics of thermal decomposition on copolymer resin. The results showed that the flame retardant property of copolymer resin increased with the increase in phosphorus content. With the increase in nitrogen content, however, the flame retardant property first increased and then decreased. The flame retardant property of the resin was the best and the limiting oxygen index could reach 34.3% when the phosphorus content and nitrogen content of the copolymer resin were 6.45 wt% and 2.33 wt%, respectively. Meanwhile, nitrogen-containing compounds will interact with phosphorus-containing compounds to form P-N intermediates during combustion, which have stronger dehydration and carbonization and could further enhance the flame retardant performance of the resin and generate phosphorus-nitrogen synergistic interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13162826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T22:59:27Z","timestamp":1629673167000},"page":"2826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Phosphorous-Nitrogen Modification of Epoxy Grafted Poly-Acrylic Resin: Synergistic Flame Retardment Effect"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Papermaking and Pollution Control, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Papermaking and Pollution Control, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2327-2741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Papermaking and Pollution Control, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Papermaking and Pollution Control, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Papermaking and Pollution Control, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Papermaking and Pollution Control, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"186","article-title":"Preparation of Phosphorus-Containing Poly-Acrylate Resins and their Flame Resistant Properties","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Chin. Univ."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"68","article-title":"The Effect of Styrene\/Acrylic Emulsion on Automobile Filter Paper","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans. China Pulp Pap."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4628(19961212)62:11<1855::AID-APP10>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Chemical Modification of Epoxy Resins by Dialkyl (or Aryl) Phosphates: Evaluation of Fire Behavior and Thermal Stability","volume":"62","author":"Derouet","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-3910(90)90012-V","article-title":"Thermal Degradation of Pentaerythritol Diphosphate, Model Compound for Fire Retardant Intumescent Systems: Part I-Overall Thermal Degradation","volume":"27","author":"Camino","year":"1990","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stabil."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13999","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.9b02474","article-title":"Novel High-Efficiency Casein-Based P\u2212N-Containing Flame Retardants with Multiple Reactive Groups for Cotton Fabrics","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2015.10.007","article-title":"Effect of Nano-Aluminum Hydroxide on Mechanical Properties, Flame Retardancy and Combustion Behavior of Intumescent Flame Retarded Polypropylene","volume":"89","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.5702\/massspec.46.299","article-title":"Thermal Decomposition of Urea and Urea Derivatives by Simultaneous TG\/(DTA)\/MS","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1021\/ie102196k","article-title":"K.; Chen, L.J.; Guo, Y.Q.; Hong, N.N.; Jiang, S.H. Combustion and Thermal Degradation Mechanism of a Novel Intumescent Flame Retardant for Epoxy Acrylate Containing Phosphorus and Nitrogen","volume":"50","author":"Qian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1080\/19447024908660067","article-title":"The Urea-Phosphoric Acid Method of Flameproofing Textiles","volume":"40","author":"Davis","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Text. Inst. Transactions."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/004051758105100102","article-title":"Mechanistic Aspects of Phosphorus-Nitrogen Synergism in Cotton Flame Retardancy","volume":"51","author":"Pandya","year":"1981","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"174","article-title":"Preparation and Flame-Retardancy Performance of Poly-Acrylate Resins Modified by Epoxy Phosphoric Acid","volume":"33","author":"Qiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Chin. Univ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1080\/15685551.2019.1616366","article-title":"Preparation, Characterization and Flame Retardancy of Phosphorus-Containing Poly-Styrene-Acrylate Emulsion","volume":"22","author":"Qiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Des. Monomers Polym."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"ASTM D 2863:2008 (2005). Standard Test Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion of Plastics (Oxygen Index). Am. Soc. Test. Mater. USA, 1\u20138."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"ISO 5660-1 (2002). Reaction-to-Fire Tests\u2014Heat Release, Smoke Production and Mass Loss Rate\u2014Part 1: Heat Release Rate (Cone Calorimeter Method), The International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"128","article-title":"Synthesis and Structure of a Phosphorus-Nitrogen-Containing Double Phosphoryl Amide Compound","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chin. J. Struct. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Odian, G. (2013). Principles of Polymerization, China Machine Press. [4rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19998","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TA06649C","article-title":"Phosphorus-Doped Onion-Like Carbon for CO2 Electrochemical Reduction: The Decisive Role of Bonding Configuration of Phosphorus","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2007.03.009","article-title":"Effect of phosphorus flame retardants on thermo-oxidative decomposition of cotton","volume":"92","author":"Gaan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stabil."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4628(19990207)71:6<975::AID-APP13>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Durable Flame-Retardant Finished Cotton Fabrics Characterized by Thermal Degradation Behaviors","volume":"71","author":"Nakanishi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/13\/16\/2826\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:49:24Z","timestamp":1760165364000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/13\/16\/2826"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["polym13162826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym13162826","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]}}}