{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T15:56:38Z","timestamp":1788796598146,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate the effect of different acidic media on volumetric wear and surface roughness of CAD\/CAM monolithic materials. Forty-eight rectangular specimens were prepared using different CAD\/CAM monolithic materials: nanohybrid composite (Grandio Blocks, Voco), resin-based composite (Cerasmart, GC), lithium disilicate (E-Max, Ivoclar), and high-translucency zirconia (Katana STML, Kuraray Noritake). After storage in distilled water at 37 \u00b0C for two days, the specimens were tested using a chewing machine with a stainless-steel ball as an antagonist (49N loads, 250,000 cycles). Testing was performed using distilled water, Coca-Cola, and Red Bull as abrasive media. Wear and surface roughness analyses of the CAD\/CAM materials were performed using a 3D profilometer and analyzed with two-way analysis of variance and post hoc pairwise comparison procedures. Worn surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Resin-based materials suffered higher volumetric wear than ceramics (p = 0.00001). Water induced significantly less volumetric wear than the other tested solutions (p = 0.0014), independent of the material tested. High-translucency zirconia showed less surface roughness than all the other materials tested. The selection of monolithic CAD\/CAM materials to restore worn dentition due to erosive processes could impact restorative therapy stability over time. Resin-based materials seem to be more influenced by the acidic environment when subjected to a two-body wear test.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13172915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T08:42:32Z","timestamp":1630399352000},"page":"2915","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Influence of Low-pH Beverages on the Two-Body Wear of CAD\/CAM Monolithic Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7380-1675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Scotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental School Lingotto, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9051-4109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Ionescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Microbiology and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4057-1428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allegra","family":"Comba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental School Lingotto, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0087-5627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Baldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental School Lingotto, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenio","family":"Brambilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Microbiology and Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1158-5388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Vichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Academy, University of Portsmouth, William Beatty Building, Hampshire Terrace, Portsmouth PO1 2QG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Goracci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7785-757X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Ciardiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3007-3377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Tridello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4231-4580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Paolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0557-7162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Botto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.11607\/ijp.4244","article-title":"A New Classification System for All-Ceramic and Ceramic-like Restorative Materials","volume":"28","author":"Gracis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2014.05.006","article-title":"Wear of human enamel opposing monolithic zirconia, glass ceramic, and composite resin: An in vitro study","volume":"112","author":"Sripetchdanond","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"256","article-title":"Wear resistance of composites: A solved problem?","volume":"46","author":"Richards","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gen. Dent."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2008-031","article-title":"Wear of opposing teeth by posterior composite resins--evaluation of newly developed wear test methods","volume":"29","author":"Shimane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"341","article-title":"Fracture Toughness of Nanohybrid and Hybrid Composites Stored Wet and Dry up to 60 Days","volume":"4","author":"Sookhakiyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2015.10.004","article-title":"Evaluation of Mechanical and Optical Behavior of Current Es-thetic Dental Restorative CAD\/CAM Composites","volume":"55","author":"Stawarczyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2016.10.009","article-title":"Chairside CAD\/CAM materials. Part 1: Measurement of elastic constants and microstructural characterization","volume":"33","author":"Belli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516634286","article-title":"From Artisanal to CAD-CAM Blocks: State of the Art of Indirect Composites","volume":"95","author":"Mainjot","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-016-1814-3","article-title":"Effectiveness of resin-based materials against erosive and abrasive enamel wear","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4S","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2011.0336","article-title":"Comparative reliability analyses of zirconium oxide and lithium disilicate restorations in vitro and in vivo","volume":"142","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(10)60102-3","article-title":"Two-body wear of different ceramic materials opposed to zirconia ceramic","volume":"104","author":"Albashaireh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759038","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/759038","article-title":"The Nanomechanical and Tribological Properties of Restorative Dental Composites after Exposure in Different Types of Media","volume":"2014","author":"Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03694.x","article-title":"Systematic review: Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and dental lesions","volume":"27","author":"Pace","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632907","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/632907","article-title":"Dental erosion and its growing importance in clinical practice: From past to present","volume":"2012","author":"Johansson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.17796\/1053-4628-41.2.102","article-title":"Prevalence and Extrinsic Risk Factors for Dental Erosion in Adolescents","volume":"41","author":"Mafla","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12025","article-title":"Oral health-related quality of life in patients with tooth wear","volume":"40","author":"Papagianni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511002820","article-title":"Analysis of the erosive effect of different dietary substances and medications","volume":"107","author":"Lussi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1159\/000359943","article-title":"Understanding the Chemistry of Dental Erosion","volume":"25","author":"Shellis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Erosive Tooth Wear"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"33","article-title":"Influence of Operator Ex-perience on Non-Carious Cervical Lesion Restorations: Clinical Evaluation with Different Adhesive Systems","volume":"29","author":"Scotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2017.11.005","article-title":"Dentin bond-ing systems: From dentin collagen structure to bond preservation and clinical applications","volume":"34","author":"Breschi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/s40496-017-0149-8","article-title":"How Stable is Dentin as a Substrate for Bonding?","volume":"4","author":"Maravic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Oral Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"213","article-title":"Influence of different beverages on the microhardness and surface roughness of resin composites","volume":"30","author":"Badra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(98)00223-3","article-title":"Surface Corrosion of Dental Ceramics in Vitro","volume":"20","author":"Milleding","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2014.06.024","article-title":"High temperature tribological study of cobalt-based coatings reinforced with different percentages of alumina","volume":"318","author":"Botto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.141960","article-title":"Erosive potential of cola and orange fruit juice on tooth colored restorative materials","volume":"4","author":"Sankar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Med Health Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.27.455","article-title":"Evaluation of Flowable Resin Composite Surfaces Eroded by Acidic and Al-coholic Drinks","volume":"27","author":"Han","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5109481","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5109481","article-title":"Flexural Properties and Elastic Modulus of Different Esthetic Restorative Materials: Evaluation after Exposure to Acidic Drink","volume":"2019","author":"Scribante","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.31.3.1157l653t8206100","article-title":"Effect of Carbonated Beverages, Coffee, Sports and High Energy Drinks, and Bottled Water on the in vitro Erosion Characteristics of Dental Enamel","volume":"31","author":"Kitchens","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12643","article-title":"A systematic review of dietary acids and habits on dental erosion in adoles-cents","volume":"30","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2015.10.019","article-title":"The pH of beverages in the United States","volume":"147","author":"Reddy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2019.08.022","article-title":"Effect of acidic pH on surface roughness of esthetic dental materials","volume":"122","author":"Alnasser","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.12420","article-title":"Effects of Simulated Gastric Juice on CAD\/CAM Resin Composites-Morphological and Mechanical Evaluations","volume":"26","author":"Backer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2007.11.015","article-title":"Water uptake and strength characteristics of a nanofilled resin-based composite","volume":"36","author":"Curtis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2005.06.003","article-title":"Effect of acidic food and drinks on surface hardness of enamel, dentine, and tooth-coloured filling materials","volume":"34","author":"Wongkhantee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2008.05.001","article-title":"Influence of artificial saliva on abrasive wear and microhardness of dental composites filled with nanoparticles","volume":"36","author":"Mayworm","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.04.043","article-title":"Trade-off between fracture resistance and translucency of zir-conia and lithium-disilicate glass ceramics for monolithic restorations","volume":"91","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"223","article-title":"Computer-aided designed\/computer-assisted manufactured composite resin versus ceramic single-tooth restorations: A 3-year clinical study","volume":"23","author":"Vanoorbeek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2013.01.003","article-title":"Wear characteristics of current aesthetic dental restorative CAD\/CAM materials: Two-body wear, gloss retention, roughness and Martens hardness","volume":"20","author":"Stawarczyk","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22S","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2006.0395","article-title":"Clinical performance of chairside CAD\/CAM restorations","volume":"137","author":"Fasbinder","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2020.03.016","article-title":"Resin Composite Blocks for Dental CAD\/CAM Applications Reduce Bio-film Formation in Vitro","volume":"36","author":"Ionescu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0109-5641(97)80038-3","article-title":"Comparison of Surface Roughness of Oral Hard Materials to the Threshold Sur-face Roughness for Bacterial Plaque Retention: A Review of the Literature","volume":"13","author":"Bollen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2007.01460.x","article-title":"Which Mechanical and Physical Testing Methods Are Relevant for Predicting the Clini-cal Performance of Ceramic-Based Dental Prostheses?","volume":"18","author":"Anusavice","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0109-5641(00)00030-0","article-title":"The influence of surface roughness on porcelain strength","volume":"16","author":"Feilzer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2007.06.016","article-title":"Wear of Ceramic and Antagonist--a Systematic Evaluation of Influencing Factors in Vitro","volume":"24","author":"Heintze","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2012.03.002","article-title":"Wear performance of dental ceramics after grinding and polishing treatments","volume":"10","author":"Preis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/13\/17\/2915\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:55:17Z","timestamp":1760165717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/13\/17\/2915"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["polym13172915"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym13172915","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]}}}