{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T04:34:34Z","timestamp":1788582874872,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kartigen Biomedical Inc.","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Here, we aimed to investigate the safety and preliminary efficacy of Kartigen\u00ae, a matrix with autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived chondrocyte precursors embedded in atelocollagen. As a surgical graft, Kartigen\u00ae was implanted onto the cartilage defects at the weight-bearing site of the medial femoral condyle of the knee. Fifteen patients were enrolled and stratified into two groups, undergoing either Kartigen\u00ae implantation (n = 10) or microfracture (control group, n = 5). The primary endpoint was to evaluate the safety of Kartigen\u00ae by monitoring the occurrence of adverse events through physician queries, physical examinations, laboratory tests, and radiological analyses for 2 years. There were no infections, inflammations, adhesions, loose body, or tumor formations in the Kartigen\u00ae-implanted knees. The preliminary efficacy was assessed using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, visual analog scale, and second-look arthroscopy. The postoperative IKDC scores of the Kartigen\u00ae group significantly improved in the 16th week (IKDC = 62.1 \u00b1 12.8, p = 0.025), kept increasing in the first year (IKDC = 78.2 \u00b1 15.4, p &lt; 0.005), and remained satisfactory in the second year (IKDC = 73.6 \u00b1 13.8, p &lt; 0.005), compared to the preoperative condition (IKDC = 47.1 \u00b1 17.0), while the postoperative IKDC scores of the control group also achieved significant improvement in the 28th week (IKDC = 68.5 \u00b1 6.1, p = 0.032) versus preoperative state (IKDC = 54.0 \u00b1 9.1). However, the IKDC scores decreased in the first year (IKDC = 63.5 \u00b1 11.6) as well as in the second year (IKDC = 52.6 \u00b1 16.4). Thirteen patients underwent second-look arthroscopy and biopsy one year after the operation. The Kartigen\u00ae group exhibited integration between Kartigen\u00ae and host tissue with a smooth appearance at the recipient site, whereas the microfracture group showed fibrillated surfaces. The histological and immunohistochemical analyses of biopsy specimens demonstrated the columnar structure of articular cartilage and existence of collagen type II and glycosaminoglycan mimic hyaline cartilage. This study indicates that Kartigen\u00ae is safe and effective in treating cartilage defects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13183029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T02:41:07Z","timestamp":1631068867000},"page":"3029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Safety and Efficacy of Kartigen\u00ae in Treating Cartilage Defects: A Randomized, Controlled, Phase I Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1635-4335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yen-Liang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Program for Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Che","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kartigen Biomedical Inc., Taipei 100047, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzu-Shang Thomas","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern California Bone and Joint Clinic, Apple Valley, CA 92307, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Hung","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei 220216, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320315, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany Ting-Fang","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Radiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyh-Horng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Chia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 310401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2994-6671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng-Huei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hwa-Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Taiwan Adventist Hospital, Taipei 105404, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"392","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(97)90124-9","article-title":"Cartilage injuries: A review of 31,516 knee arthroscopies","volume":"13","author":"Curl","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthrosc. J. Arthrosc. Relat. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2002.32839","article-title":"Articular cartilage defects in 1000 knee arthroscopies","volume":"18","author":"Hjelle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthrosc. J. Arthrosc. Relat. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503259345","article-title":"Articular cartilage lesions in 993 consecutive knee arthroscopies","volume":"32","author":"Heir","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"3","article-title":"Of the structure and disease of articulating cartilages","volume":"317","author":"Hunter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1742.0079","article-title":"VI. Of the structure and diseases of articulating cartilages","volume":"42","author":"Hunter","year":"1743","journal-title":"Philos. Trans."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S306","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200110001-00028","article-title":"Arthroscopic abrasion arthroplasty: A review","volume":"391","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200509000-00002","article-title":"The microfracture technique for the treatment of articular cartilage lesions in the knee: A prospective cohort study","volume":"87","author":"Mithoefer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/S1048-6666(97)80033-X","article-title":"Microfracture technique forfull-thickness chondral defects: Technique and clinical results","volume":"7","author":"Steadman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oper. Tech. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-19980701-04","article-title":"Mosaicplasty for the treatment of articular cartilage defects: Application in clinical practice","volume":"21","author":"Hangody","year":"1998","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(05)70130-7","article-title":"Osteochondral allograft transplantation","volume":"18","author":"Bugbee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1053\/joca.1998.0159","article-title":"Articular cartilage repair: Are the intrinsic biological constraints undermining this process insuperable?","volume":"7","author":"Hunziker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2014.11.023","article-title":"Treatment of articular cartilage lesions of the knee by microfracture or autologous chondrocyte implantation: A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Oussedik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthrosc. J. Arthrosc. Relat. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2006.2182","article-title":"Autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty grafting","volume":"36","author":"Bartha","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"2470","article-title":"Surgical management of articular cartilage defects of the knee","volume":"92","author":"Gomoll","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200403000-00001","article-title":"Autologous chondrocyte implantation compared with microfracture in the knee: A randomized trial","volume":"86","author":"Knutsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1988.01400290027003","article-title":"Beyond transplantation: Third annual samuel jason mixter lecture","volume":"123","author":"Vacanti","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199410063311401","article-title":"Treatment of deep cartilage defects in the knee with autologous chondrocyte transplantation","volume":"331","author":"Brittberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.00049","article-title":"Autologous chondrocyte implantation: A systematic review","volume":"92","author":"Harris","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-009-1028-1","article-title":"Matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation versus microfracture in the treatment of cartilage defects of the knee: A 2-year randomised study","volume":"18","author":"Basad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-008-0663-2","article-title":"Clinical application of scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering","volume":"17","author":"Iwasa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1053\/joca.2001.0504","article-title":"Human autologous culture expanded bone marrow mesenchymal cell transplantation for repair of cartilage defects in osteoarthritic knees","volume":"10","author":"Wakitani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-013-2807-2","article-title":"Clinical results and second-look arthroscopic findings after treatment with adipose-derived stem cells for knee osteoarthritis","volume":"23","author":"Koh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-015-4324-8","article-title":"Arthroscopic transplantation of synovial stem cells improves clinical outcomes in knees with cartilage defects","volume":"473","author":"Sekiya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2012.12.008","article-title":"Articular cartilage regeneration with autologous peripheral blood stem cells versus hyaluronic acid: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Saw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthrosc. J. Arthrosc. Relat. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.08.007","article-title":"Uncovering the periosteum for skeletal regeneration: The stem cell that lies beneath","volume":"70","author":"Roberts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509359067","article-title":"Autologous bone marrow\u2013derived mesenchymal stem cells versus autologous chondrocyte implantation: An observational cohort study","volume":"38","author":"Nejadnik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/term.299","article-title":"Safety of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for cartilage repair in 41 patients with 45 joints followed for up to 11 years and 5 months","volume":"5","author":"Wakitani","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.157","article-title":"Repair and tissue engineering techniques for articular cartilage","volume":"11","author":"Makris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519867933","article-title":"Equivalent 10-year outcomes after implantation of autologous bone marrow\u2013derived mesenchymal stem cells versus autologous chondrocyte implantation for chondral defects of the knee","volume":"47","author":"Teo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5411.143","article-title":"Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"284","author":"Pittenger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.06.044","article-title":"Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification","volume":"126","author":"Engler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-008-1245-3","article-title":"Tissue engineering of cartilage: The road a group of researchers have traveled","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H.-C., Liu, T.-S.T., Liu, Y.-L., Wang, J.-H., Chang, C.-H., Shih, T.T.-F., and Lin, F.-H. (2021). Atelocollagen-embedded chondrocyte precursors as a treatment for grade-4 cartilage defects of the femoral condyle: A case series with up to 9-year follow-up. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11070942"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2006.0246","article-title":"Matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (maci\u00ae): Biological and histological assessment","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.09.042","article-title":"Cartilage regeneration in scid mice using a highly organized three-dimensional alginate scaffold","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.10.037","article-title":"Cartilage regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells and a three-dimensional poly-lactic-glycolic acid (plga) scaffold","volume":"26","author":"Uematsu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4853","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00383-1","article-title":"Gelatin\u2013chondroitin\u2013hyaluronan tri-copolymer scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/9560","article-title":"New delivery system for plasmid DNA in vivo using atelocollagen as a carrier material: The minipellet","volume":"5","author":"Ochiya","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(200005)50:2<138::AID-JBM7>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Human chondrocyte proliferation and matrix synthesis cultured in atelocollagen\u00ae gel","volume":"50","author":"Uchio","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519854372","article-title":"Repair of an osteochondral defect with minced cartilage embedded in atelocollagen gel: A rabbit model","volume":"47","author":"Matsushita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00222-9","article-title":"Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells embedded in atelocollagen\u00ae gel to the intervertebral disc: A potential therapeutic model for disc degeneration","volume":"24","author":"Sakai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15346","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2536767100","article-title":"Cellular and nerve regeneration within a biosynthetic extracellular matrix for corneal transplantation","volume":"100","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2004.75.9.1281","article-title":"Enhancement of periodontal tissue regeneration by transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"75","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00238-015-1131-0","article-title":"The use of dermal regeneration template (pelnac\u00ae) in acute full-thickness wound closure: A case series","volume":"39","author":"Widjaja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S362","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200110001-00033","article-title":"Microfracture: Surgical technique and rehabilitation to treat chondral defects","volume":"391","author":"Steadman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2017). Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (Ctcae), Version 5.0., U.S. Department of Health and Human Services."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200209000-00009","article-title":"Development and validation of health-related quality of life measures for the knee","volume":"402","author":"Irrgang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. (1976\u20132007)"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"5","article-title":"Introduction of an articular cartilage classification","volume":"1","author":"Brittberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"ICRS Newsl."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200005000-00020","article-title":"Two-to 9-year outcome after autologous chondrocyte transplantation of the knee","volume":"374","author":"Peterson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. (1976\u20132007)"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21461","article-title":"Tissue engineering-based cartilage repair with mesenchymal stem cells in a porcine model","volume":"29","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"170","article-title":"Microfracture to treat full-thickness chondral defects: Surgical technique, rehabilitation, and outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Steadman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Knee Surg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.15.01208","article-title":"A randomized multicenter trial comparing autologous chondrocyte implantation with microfracture: Long-term follow-up at 14 to 15 years","volume":"98","author":"Knutsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1778","article-title":"Surgical management of articular cartilage defects in the knee","volume":"91","author":"Cole","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516634299","article-title":"Serial changes of the cartilage in recipient sites and their mirror sites on second-look imaging after mosaicplasty","volume":"44","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-19044","article-title":"Postoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Articular Cartilage Repair","volume":"5","author":"Alparslan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin. Musculoskelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.284075111","article-title":"Mr imaging of cartilage repair in the knee and ankle","volume":"28","author":"Choi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.18-0122","article-title":"Intra-articular injection of autologous adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: A phase iib, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v023a17","article-title":"Influence of in vitro maturation of engineered cartilage on the outcome of osteochondral repair in a goat model","volume":"23","author":"Miot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Cell Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2958","article-title":"3d bioprinting of tissues and organs","volume":"32","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-018-0006-y","article-title":"Biofabrication strategies for 3d in vitro models and regenerative medicine","volume":"3","author":"Moroni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foresti, R., Rossi, S., and Selleri, S. (2019, January 15\u201318). Bio composite materials: Nano functionalization of 4d bio engineered scaffold. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on BioPhotonics (BioPhotonics), Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICB47650.2019.8945042"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1","article-title":"In-vivo vascular application via ultra-fast bioprinting for future 5d personalised nanomedicine","volume":"10","author":"Foresti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2011.0543","article-title":"Direct human cartilage repair using three-dimensional bioprinting technology","volume":"18","author":"Cui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Mori, A., Pe\u00f1a Fern\u00e1ndez, M., Blunn, G., Tozzi, G., and Roldo, M. (2018). 3d printing and electrospinning of composite hydrogels for cartilage and bone tissue engineering. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10030285"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, A.M., Moreira, A., Weber, A., Williams, G.R., and Costa, P.F. (2021). Osteochondral tissue engineering: The potential of electrospinning and additive manufacturing. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13070983"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mechanical regulation of chondrogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Case","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/13\/18\/3029\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:58:24Z","timestamp":1760165904000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/13\/18\/3029"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["polym13183029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym13183029","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]}}}