{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T17:29:17Z","timestamp":1787678957493,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Age-related macular degeneration is a multifactorial disease affecting the posterior segment of the eye and is characterized by aberrant nascent blood vessels that leak blood and fluid. It ends with vision loss. In the present study, artemisinin which is poorly water-soluble and has potent anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties was formulated into nanomicelles and characterized for its ocular application and anti-angiogenic activity using a CAM assay. Artemisinin-loaded nanomicelles were prepared by varying the concentrations of PVP k90 and poloxamer 407 at different ratios and showed spherical shape particles in the size range of 41\u201351 nm. The transparency and cloud point of the developed artemisinin-loaded nanomicelles was found to be 99\u201394% and 68\u201370 \u00b0C, respectively. The in vitro release of artemisinin from the nanomicelles was found to be 96.0\u201399.0% within 8 h. The trans-corneal permeation studies exhibited a 1.717\u20132.169 \u00b5g permeation of the artemisinin from nanomicelles through the excised rabbit eye cornea for 2 h. Drug-free nanomicelles did not exhibit noticeable DNA damage and showed an acceptable level of hemolytic potential. Artemisinin-loaded nanomicelles exhibited remarkable anti-angiogenic activity compared to artemisinin suspension. Hence, the formulated artemisinin-loaded nanomicelles might have the potential for the treatment of AMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13183038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T21:28:45Z","timestamp":1631136525000},"page":"3038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Development and Evaluation of Polyvinylpyrrolidone K90 and Poloxamer 407 Self-Assembled Nanomicelles: Enhanced Topical Ocular Delivery of Artemisinin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chandrasekar","family":"Ponnusamy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2321-9876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abimanyu","family":"Sugumaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkateshwaran","family":"Krishnaswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajaguru","family":"Palanichamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur 627007, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravichandiran","family":"Velayutham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)\u2014Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subramanian","family":"Natesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)\u2014Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"513","article-title":"The Diagnosis and Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"117","author":"Stahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dtsch. 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