{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T02:45:36Z","timestamp":1790131536290,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["760779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["760779"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, Polyurea\/Formaldehyde (PUF) microcapsules containing Dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) as a healing substance were fabricated in situ and mixed at relatively low concentrations (&lt;2 wt%) with a thermosetting polyurethane (PU) foam used in turn as the core of a sandwich structure. The shape memory (SM) effect depended on the combination of the behavior of the PU foam core and the shape memory polymer composite (SMPC) laminate skins. SMPC laminates were manufactured by moulding commercial carbon fiber-reinforced (CFR) prepregs with a SM polymer interlayer. At first, PU foam samples, with and without microcapsules, were mechanically tested. After, PU foam was inserted into the SMPC sandwich structure. Damage tests were carried out by compression and bending to deform and break the PU foam cells, and then assess the structure self-healing (SH) and recovery capabilities. Both SM and SH responses were rapid and thermally activated (120 \u00b0C). The CFR-SMPC skins and the PU foam core enable the sandwich to exhibit excellent SM properties with a shape recovery ratio up to 99% (initial configuration recovery). Moreover, the integration of microcapsules (0.5 wt%) enables SH functionality with a structural restoration up to 98%. This simple process makes this sandwich structure ideal for different industrial applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13183056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]],"date-time":"2021-09-12T21:48:01Z","timestamp":1631483281000},"page":"3056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Shape Memory Composite Sandwich Structures with Self-Healing Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1005-6716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Quadrini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome \u2018Tor Vergata\u2019, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5588-8738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise","family":"Bellisario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome \u2018Tor Vergata\u2019, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandro","family":"Iorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome \u2018Tor Vergata\u2019, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3340-491X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loredana","family":"Santo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome \u2018Tor Vergata\u2019, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Pappas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes, University of Patras, Stadiou Str., Rio, GR 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Koutroumanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes, University of Patras, Stadiou Str., Rio, GR 26504 Patras, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, University Campus, GR 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2505-5107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Anagnostopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes, University of Patras, Stadiou Str., Rio, GR 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costas","family":"Galiotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes, University of Patras, Stadiou Str., Rio, GR 26504 Patras, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, University Campus, GR 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.106905","article-title":"Triple-shape memory effect in a styrene-based shape memory polymer: Characterization, theory and application","volume":"173","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8574-2_13","article-title":"Applications of shape-memory polymers, and their blends and composites","volume":"115","author":"Santo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Struct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2016.12.007","article-title":"Enhanced shape memory property of polylactide\/thermoplastic poly (ether) urethane composites via carbon black self-networking induced co-continuous structure","volume":"139","author":"Qi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61847","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA10716K","article-title":"Shape memory polymer nanocomposite with multi-stimuli response and two-way reversible shape memory behavior","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9038","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b00169","article-title":"Fe(3+)-, pH-, Thermoresponsive Supramolecular Hydrogel with Multishape Memory Effect","volume":"9","author":"Le","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2020.109912","article-title":"Light activated shape memory polymers and composites: A review","volume":"136","author":"Madhubhashitha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11705-017-1632-4","article-title":"A mini review: Shape memory polymers for biomedical applications","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Chem. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2019.107866","article-title":"Personalized 4D printing of bioinspired tracheal scaffold concept based on magnetic stimulated shape memory composites","volume":"184","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2008.02.001","article-title":"Self-healing polymeric materials: A review of recent developments","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2020.04.082","article-title":"Manufacturing challenges in self-healing technology for polymer composites\u2014A review","volume":"9","author":"Mohamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1039\/C7PY00310B","article-title":"3D printed remendable polylactic acid blends with uniform mechanical strength enabled by a dynamic Diels-Alder reaction","volume":"8","author":"Appuhamillage","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.201500425","article-title":"Enhancement of mechanical and selfhealing performance in multiwall carbon nanotube\/rubber composites via Diels Alder bonding","volume":"301","author":"Kuang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201205321","article-title":"Preorganized hydrogel: Self-healing properties of supramolecular hydrogels formed by polymerization of host-guest-monomers that contain cyclodextrins and hydrophobic guest groups","volume":"25","author":"Kakuta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160488","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.160488","article-title":"Sustainable self-healing at ultra-low temperatures in structural composites incorporating incurve vessels and heating elements","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2018.05.038","article-title":"Self-healing recoverable epoxy elastomers and their composites with desirable thermal conductivity by incorporating BN fillers via in-situ polymerization","volume":"164","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.23994","article-title":"A review of shape memory polymers bearing reversible binding groups","volume":"54","author":"Lewis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2019.04.012","article-title":"Self-healing composites: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"121","author":"Nand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part A"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2018.10.003","article-title":"Self-healing thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)\/polycaprolactone (PCL) \/multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) blend as shape-memory composites","volume":"168","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2020.105931","article-title":"A facile fabrication of shape memory polymer nanocomposites with fast light-response and self-healing performance","volume":"135","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Part A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10561","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201204840","article-title":"Self-healing supramolecular block copolymers","volume":"51","author":"Hentschel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04257-x","article-title":"Solvent-assisted programming of flat polymer sheets into reconfigurable and self-healing 3D structures","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7381","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b18265","article-title":"3D printing of highly stretchable, shape-memory, and self-healing elastomer toward novel 4D printing","volume":"10","author":"Kuang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46326","DOI":"10.1002\/app.46326","article-title":"Thermal induced shape-memory and self-healing of segmented polyurethane containing diselenide bonds","volume":"135","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2019.105686","article-title":"Multifunctional light-responsive graphene-based polyurethane composites with shape memory, self-healing, and flame retardancy properties","volume":"128","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Part A"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2019.109279","article-title":"Self-healing high temperature shape memory polymer","volume":"120","author":"Kong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2020.101067","article-title":"Fracture resistance of in-situ healed CFRP composite using thermoplastic healants","volume":"24","author":"Jony","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Li, G. (2015). Self-Healing Composites Shape Memory Polymer Based Structures, John Wiley & Sons Ltd."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2008.07.016","article-title":"Self-healing sandwich panels: Restoration of compressive strength after impact","volume":"68","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000279","article-title":"Thermomechanical characterization of shape memory polymer based self-healing syntactic foam sealant for expansion joint","volume":"137","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"ASCE J. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000572","article-title":"Behavior of thermoset shape memory polymer based syntactic foam sealant trained by hybrid two-stage programming","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"ASCE J. Mater. Civil Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200800850","article-title":"One-step process for creating triple-shape capability of AB polymer networks","volume":"19","author":"Behl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Santo, L., and Quadrini, F. (2015, January 19\u201324). Shape memory composite sandwich with self-healing properties for marine applications. Proceedings of the ICCM International Conferences on Composite Materials, ICCM 2015, Copenhagen, Denmark."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3109\/02652040309178083","article-title":"In-situ poly(urea-formaldehyde) microencapsulation of dicyclopentadiene","volume":"20","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.37358\/MP.18.4.5060","article-title":"Frozen stresses in shape memory polymer composites","volume":"55","author":"Tedde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Plast."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s42064-018-0044-7","article-title":"Shape memory composite structures for self-deployable solar sails","volume":"3","author":"Santo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Astrodynamics"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s00396-003-0925-y","article-title":"Structure and thermal stability of microencapsulated phase-change materials","volume":"282","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Colloid Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115711","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ab50ad","article-title":"Shape memory polymer composites by molding aeronautical prepregs with shape memory polymer interlayers","volume":"6","author":"Quadrini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075009","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/ac00cb","article-title":"Shape memory polymer composite unit with embedded heater","volume":"30","author":"Quadrini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santo, L., Bellisario, D., and Quadrini, F. (2018). Shape memory behavior of PET foams. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10020115"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.23056","article-title":"Ultra low density and highly crosslinked biocompatible shape memory polyurethane foams","volume":"50","author":"Singhal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/15583724.2012.751399","article-title":"Porous shape-memory polymers","volume":"53","author":"Hearon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.23982","article-title":"Porous Shape Memory Polymers: Design and Applications","volume":"54","author":"Hasan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-5093(89)90154-8","article-title":"Modelling the mechanical behavior of cellular materials","volume":"A110","author":"Gibson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Eng."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/13\/18\/3056\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:00:11Z","timestamp":1760166011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/13\/18\/3056"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["polym13183056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym13183056","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]]}}}