{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:29:12Z","timestamp":1790792952992,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 107-2221-E-027-014; MOST 109-2622-E-027-003-CC3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 107-2221-E-027-014; MOST 109-2622-E-027-003-CC3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006705","name":"National Taipei University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["National Taipei University of Technology and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Joint Research Program (NTUT-CGMH-109-04 (CORPG3K0161))"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["National Taipei University of Technology and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Joint Research Program (NTUT-CGMH-109-04 (CORPG3K0161))"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006705","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Articular cartilage defects affect millions of people worldwide, including children, adolescents, and adults. Progressive wear and tear of articular cartilage can lead to progressive tissue loss, further exposing the bony ends and leaving them unprotected, which may ultimately cause osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease). Unlike other self-repairing tissues, cartilage has a low regenerative capacity; once injured, the cartilage is much more difficult to heal. Consequently, developing methods to repair this defect remains a challenge in clinical practice. In recent years, tissue engineering applications have employed the use of three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds for growing cells to regenerate damaged cartilage. However, these scaffolds are mainly chemically synthesized polymers or are crosslinked using organic solvents. Utilizing 3D printing technologies to prepare biodegradable natural composite scaffolds could replace chemically synthesized polymers with more natural polymers or low-toxicity crosslinkers. In this study, collagen\/oligomeric proanthocyanidin\/oxidized hyaluronic acid composite scaffolds showing high biocompatibility and excellent mechanical properties were prepared. The compressive strengths of the scaffolds were between 0.25\u20130.55 MPa. Cell viability of the 3D scaffolds reached up to 90%, which indicates that they are favorable surfaces for the deposition of apatite. An in vivo test was performed using the Sprague Dawley (SD) rat skull model. Histological images revealed signs of angiogenesis and new bone formation. Therefore, 3D collagen-based scaffolds can be used as potential candidates for articular cartilage repair.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13183123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]],"date-time":"2021-09-18T00:13:47Z","timestamp":1631924027000},"page":"3123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["3D Printing of Collagen\/Oligomeric Proanthocyanidin\/Oxidized Hyaluronic Acid Composite Scaffolds for Articular Cartilage Repair"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chung-Fei","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech.), Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yung-Heng","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linko 33305, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linko 33305, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chien","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thu-Trang","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech.), Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiang-Wen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech.), Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasza Chyntara","family":"Nabilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2833-8252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shao-Yi","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech.), Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5388-4351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng-Cheng","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0655-3680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren-Jei","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech.), Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000440","article-title":"Does Admission to Medicine or Orthopaedics Impact a Geriatric Hip Patient\u2019s Hospital Length of Stay?","volume":"30","author":"Greenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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