{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T23:29:43Z","timestamp":1789687783170,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia Research University Grant","award":["1001\/PPSG\/8012240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1001\/PPSG\/8012240"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Calcium silicate-based cements (CSCs) are widely used in various endodontic treatments to promote wound healing and hard tissue formation. Chitosan-based accelerated Portland cement (APC-CT) is a promising and affordable material for endodontic use. This study investigated the effect of APC-CT on apoptosis, cell attachment, dentinogenic\/osteogenic differentiation and mineralization activity of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED). APC-CT was prepared with various concentrations of chitosan (CT) solution (0%, 0.625%, 1.25% and 2.5% (w\/v)). Cell attachment was determined by direct contact analysis using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM); while the material extracts were used for the analyses of apoptosis by flow cytometry, dentinogenic\/osteogenic marker expression by real-time PCR and mineralization activity by Alizarin Red and Von Kossa staining. The cells effectively attached to the surfaces of APC and APC-CT, acquiring flattened elongated and rounded-shape morphology. Treatment of SHED with APC and APC-CT extracts showed no apoptotic effect. APC-CT induced upregulation of DSPP, MEPE, DMP-1, OPN, OCN, OPG and RANKL expression levels in SHED after 14 days, whereas RUNX2, ALP and COL1A1 expression levels were downregulated. Mineralization assays showed a progressive increase in the formation of calcium deposits in cells with material containing higher CT concentration and with incubation time. In conclusion, APC-CT is nontoxic and promotes dentinogenic\/osteogenic differentiation and mineralization activity of SHED, indicating its regenerative potential as a promising substitute for the commercially available CSCs to induce dentin\/bone regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13193358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T21:26:20Z","timestamp":1633728380000},"page":"3358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Chitosan-Based Accelerated Portland Cement Promotes Dentinogenic\/Osteogenic Differentiation and Mineralization Activity of SHED"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hasan","family":"Subhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, KTN, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5962-6110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Husein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, KTN, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dasmawati","family":"Mohamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, KTN, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nik Rozainah","family":"Nik Abdul Ghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, KTN, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1180-8809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asma-Abdullah","family":"Nurul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, KTN, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"ZG01","article-title":"MTA versus Biodentine: Review of literature with a comparative analysis","volume":"11","author":"Kaur","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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